YSI 6 Series Environmental Monitoring Systems 6 Series

YSI 6 -Series Environmental Monitoring Systems 6 -Series Training Seminar

Overview YSI 6 -Series Products Sensor Technology 650 MDS Care & Maintenance Calibration Tips & Tricks

YSI Yellow Springs Instrument Company YSI Environmental

YSI Established 1948 2003 Revenue >$64 Million ISO 9001 & ISO 14001 Certified ESOP Company (Employee Stock Ownership Plan) Core Competency- Sensor Measurement Technology

YSI

YSI 1952 - Developed first quartz crystal electronic stopwatch 1952 - Developed first practical medical electronic thermometer 1955 - Developed first interchangeable thermistor temperature probe 1956 - First commercial heart - lung machine

YSI 1957 - First instantaneous blood-gas analyzer 1961 - First line of precision interchangeable thermistors 1963 - First practical D. O. meter for field and lab 1972 - First immobilized enzyme polarographic sensor

YSI 1981 - First superior - stability thermistor 1982 - First whole-blood L-Lactate analyzer 1987 - First laboratory outside Germany accredited by the German Federal Bureau of Standards 1993 - First long-term in situ stirring-independent oxygen sensor

6 -Series Products

6 -Series Products 600 QS 600 LS 600 OMS 600 R 600 XL/600 XLM 6820/6920 6600/6600 EDS ADV 6600

600 QS (Quick Sample)

600 XL, 600 XLM, 600 OMS

600 LS

6820, 6920

6600

6600 EDS

ADV 6600

556 MPS

Sensor Technology

Sensor Technology Dissolved Oxygen Temperature Conductivity p. H ORP Water Depth / Level Son. Tek Sensors Turbidity Chlorophyll Rhodamine PAR - Photosynthetically Active Radia Chloride Ammonia Nitrate

Temperature High precision thermistor 2252 ohms at 25 C (+/- 1%) Resistance changes with temperature - uses thermistor algorithm to convert to temperature Thin wall titanium sleeve Fast response Resists corrosion

Conductivity AC voltage applied to nickel electrodes Conductivity electrodes placed in sample to be measured Current flows through the electrodes and the sample Current level has direct relationship with conductivity of the solution

Conductivity 4 pure nickel electrodes Cell constant = 5. 00 Temperature probe Fresh, brackish and sea water capability

Conductivity will vary with temperature changes Specific Conductance is commonly expressed Specific Conductance = Conductivity corrected to 25°C.

Dissolved Oxygen Two main types of Polarographic Oxygen Sensors : Steady State Pulsed

Dissolved Oxygen O 2 O H 2 O 2 H 2 O O 2 H O O 2 2 Teflon membrane e- e- Silver Anode KCl Gold Cathode O 2 H 2 O H O O H 2 O 2 2 HO O 2 H 2 O Oxygen diffuses through Teflon membrane Oxygen reduced at gold cathode Electrons flow = electrical signal Oxygen concentration proportional to signal level

Rapid Pulse Dissolved Oxygen Based on Clark polarographic probe Concept of pulsed sensors is not new First scientific papers written in 1985 Required complicated calibration procedures

Rapid Pulse Dissolved Oxygen Rapid-Pulse refined the technology Pulses on / off during measurement sequence Incorporates new electrode design Utilizes digital electronics Eliminates need for stirring 40 ms on off 3960 ms 4 sec

Rapid Pulse Dissolved Oxygen Long Term Stability Less susceptible to fouling accurate long term data Accurate results in low flow conditions no stirring device required, <2% stirring dependence Ultra low power requirements long battery life Reliable long term deployments Diagnostics Serviceable

Rapid Pulse Dissolved Oxygen Removed Stirring 100 Percent Saturation Rapid Pulse Response Steady State Response

YSI Rapid-Pulse vs. Steady State

The Last 100 Hours Rapid Pulse Steady State

p. H Glass sensing bulb is filled with solution of stable p. H (usually 7) so inside of glass surface experiences constant binding of H+ ions Outside of bulb is exposed to sample where H+ varies Differential of H+ creates a potential which is read versus the stable potential of the reference electrode

p. H Ag. Cl-coated Ag wire H+ H+ H+ KCl Gel Reference Junction Emembrane H+ H+ H+

p. H The potential is related to the p. H by a form of the Nernst Equation E = Eo + (constant) * T * p. H where T is in degrees Kelvin Plot of p. H versus voltage is linear and is used to convert the voltage to p. H Slope of plot (constant * T) at temperatures different from calibration is predictable from equation

p. H Plot - Nernst Equation p. H 4. 0 p. H 7. 0 +177 slope 0 +/- 50 m. V p. H 10. 0 -177 slope

ORP Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of the sample is determined by measuring the potential of a chemically-inert (platinum) electrode which is immersed in the solution The sensing electrode potential is read relative to the reference electrode of the p. H probe and the value is presented in millivolts Value represents the overall oxidizing (positive values) and reducing (negative values) ability of the sample

ISEs Works exactly like p. H except the sensor is a PVC membrane selective for the analyte rather than a glass bulb selective for H+ ions Sensor module contains a static concentration of the analyte which binds to the inner membrane Potential is related to the analyte concentration using the Nernst Equation

ISEs p. H Reference Electrode + - ISE Module Ag. Cl-coated Ag wire NH 4+ solution PVC membrane with ionpore NH 4+ + + NH 4+ NH 4+ Emembrane

Optical Probes Wiper Motor Wiper Sponge Wiper

Turbidity Techniques Nephlometric Angle of Reflection 90 ISO Recommended method

Turbidity: ISO-7027 Method Probe contains an LED with a wavelength of 860 NM (Emitter) Probe contains a photodiode (detector) Optical fibers connected to emitter and detector intersect probe face at opposing 45 degree angles - net angle is 90 degrees Light from emitter enters sample and scatters off the particles light scattered at 90 degrees enter detector fiber and is measured by the photodiode

Turbidity Circuit board in the sonde quantifies sample signal relative to standards and generates a value in NTU Circuit board also controls the mechanical wiper automatically rotates in unattended mode; also triggered manually from keyboard in discrete mode or during calibration

Turbidity Photodetector Light Source (infrared) Fiber optic cables molded at a 45 degree angle 90º Intersect

Chlorophyll fluoresces when irradiated with light of a particular wavelength (435 -470 nm), emits light of a higher wavelength (630700 nm) The ability of chlorophyll to fluoresce is the basis of commercial in-situ fluorometers. These fluorometers induce chlorophyll to fluoresce by shining a beam of light of the proper wavelength into the water and then measuring the higher wavelength light which is emitted. Measurement is made in the field without disrupting cells

YSI 6025 Chlorophyll Probe Photodetector Light Source 470 nm Optical Filter Optical Fiber

Rhodamine Probe contains an LED with a wavelength of 540 nm (Emitter) Probe contains a photodiode (detector) Optical fibers connected to emitter and detector Light from emitter enters sample and the Rhodamine WT dye in the sample fluoresces. Probe picks up the high wavelength emission, and uses filter to restrict other source of emission.

Rhodamine Photodetector Light Source Optical Filter Fiber optic cables 90º Intersect

Depth Sensor: Stainless Steel Strain Gauge in three different sensitivities - shallow, medium and deep. Shallow 0 -9. 1 m ± 0. 02 m Medium 0 -60. 5 m ± 0. 12 m Deep 0 -200 m ± 0. 3 m (YSI 6600 only) Voltage from Strain Gauge is proportional to hydrostatic pressure.

Non-Vented Depth Measurement Pressure Due to Atmosphere Pressure Due to Water Column PTotal = PWater + PAtmosphere

Vented Depth Measurement Pressure Due to Atmosphere Pressure Due to Water Column

650 MDS Multiparameter Display System

Overview Layout Front & Rear Covers Keypad & Characters Configuration Interfacing with: Sonde & GPS PC Battery Charger

Both the handstrap and lanyard can be switched to either side for ease of use. Layout Front Cover Display On/Off Arrow Keys Escape Key Handstrap MS-8 Connector Backlight Key Enter Keypad Strain Relief Lanyard

Layout Keypad On/Off Backlight Key Arrow Keys Enter Key Escape Keypad

Layout Keypad 1=1 2 = ABC 2 abc 2 3 = DEF 3 def 3 4 = GHI 4 ghi 4 5 = JKL 5 jkl 5 6 = MNO 6 mno 6 7 = PQRS 7 pqrs 7 8 = TUV 8 tuv 8 9 = WXYZ 9 wxyz 9 - = Minus/Hyphen 0=0. = Period/Decimal

Layout Rear Cover Serial Number, Website, CE Mark Accessory Connections Barometer Patch Vent Battery Lid Screws

Interfacing 650 MDS Integral or Detachable Field Cable YSI 6 -Series Sonde

Interfacing 650 MDS User supplied GPS unit w/DE-9 Cable GPS Y-cable (6115) Integral or Detachable Field Cable YSI 6 -Series Sonde

Interfacing 650 MDS PC Interface Cable (6112) Personal Computer

Interfacing 6113 Battery Pack Kit 6116 Adapter Cable 6114 Wall Charger 6117 Rechargeable Battery 650 MDS

650 Flow Chart 650 Main Menu Run Screen Continued. . . Sonde run Directory Upload to PC Plot file Sonde menu File View file File memory Version Delete all files Language Interval Use site list Store Barometer Logging Setup System Setup Store Lat and Long Store site number Edit Site List Date & Time Power Sonde Baud rate to sonde Shut off time Comma radix ID Circuit Board Serial # GLP Filename Barometer Units Calibrate Barometer

Sonde Menu Flow Chart Discrete Sample Conductivity Unattended Sample DO % Run Calibrate File Status DO mg/L Upload to PC Quick Upload View File Quick view file Delete all files System Report Sensor Advanced Various other Parameters Directory Version Date Time Bat volts Date & Time Bat life Comm setup Free bytes Page length Logging Instrument ID “Report setup” includes a list of all enabled sensors. “Sensors enabled” gives a list of all available sensors and shows if they are enabled. Circuit Board SN GLP filename SDI-12 address Language Cal constants Setup Sensor Data filter

Care & Maintenance

Probe Installation Remove the port plug. Lightly grease the o-rings of the probe—use only enough grease to make the o-ring shiny. More grease is not better—it may actually hinder the seal. Align the probe in its corresponding port. Once the probe key falls into place, press the probe firmly in the bulkhead to completely seat the probe. Hold the probe with one hand to prevent twisting it while finger threading the slip nut.

Probe Installation If you meet resistance while threading, DO NOT continue threading. Back the slip nut out and realign the threads. Finger tighten the probe, then use the provided tool to snug the probe by turning the nut an additional ¼ turn. DO NOT over tighten. For optical probes, finger tighten, then use the provided tool to tighten the probe completely. Be sure to point the probes towards the floor while pulling from the port to minimize port contamination.

Temperature No maintenance required.

Conductivity Be sure the conductivity conduits are free from contamination/blockage. Use the small test tube brushes and a mild soap solution to periodically clean the conduits.

Conductivity

Dissolved Oxygen Membrane changes should be done as necessary (according to application) between 2 -6 weeks. If the electrodes look tarnished, recondition electrode with 2400 grit sand paper (provided in 6035 kit) “How do I know when it’s time to recondition? ”

Dissolved Oxygen

Reconditioning DO Probe Remove membrane, rinse probe in clean water and dry off probe surface Use the YSI 6035 kit to service electrodes (note that the sanding disc must be struck parallel with the electrodes). Rinse probe surface area with clean water. Re-membrane probe and check DO Charge (after 5 minutes of probe burn-in). If reconditioning DO Probe does not reduce / increase charge repeat conditioning. If repeat conditioning fails, replace probe.

Membrane Replacement Large KCl meniscus

Membrane Replacement Hold the membrane with both hands and come straight down on the DO probe. Be sure not to stretch the membrane laterally, just hold it taut, and stretch it as you pull it down over the probe.

Membrane Replacement Be sure to adequately stretch the membrane over the probe.

Membrane replacement Hold the membrane taut while placing the o-ring on to reduce bubbles and wrinkling. Be careful not to leave fingerprints on the membrane while installing the o-ring.

Membrane Replacement Trim the membrane about 2 to 3 mm below the o-ring.

Membrane Replacement The final inspection of the membrane should reveal no bubbles and no wrinkles. Use the corner of a pencil eraser to check for pin-hole leaks if desired.

p. H Clean p. H Probe Dirty p. H/ORP Probe

p. H Remove p. H probe (if applicable) Soak in mild soap solution for 15 minutes. Rinse, then soak in tap water for 5 minutes. Soak in 1 M HCl for 20 -30 minutes. Rinse, then soak in tap water for 10 minutes. Soak in a 1: 1 solution of bleach and water for 45 minutes. Rinse, then soak in tap water for 15 minutes.

ORP Same basic care & maintenance as p. H probe.

Turbidity Replace wiper on a regular schedule maintenance, e. g. every 30 days / before each long term deployment Wiper calibration is automatic in sondes with version 2. 17 or higher. For earlier software versions, remove all power from the sonde, or if on a PC, ESC to # and type “RESET” <enter> Wiper calibration should be observed to confirm wiper operation

Chlorophyll Ensure wiper is not covering emitter and detector. Do not force the wiper as this will damage the motor beyond repair Replace wiper on a regular schedule maintenance Wiper calibration is automatic in sondes with version 2. 17 or higher. For earlier software versions, remove all power from the sonde, or if on a PC, ESC to # and type “RESET” <enter> Wiper calibration should be observed to confirm wiper operation

Optical Wiper

Optical Wiper

Optical Wiper

Depth Use the syringe provided with your maintenance kit to flush out the depth set. Do not stick anything in the holes on the depth set --you will damage the pressure transducer.

Calibration

Temperature Factory Set - No calibration required.

Conductivity Calibrate using Sp. Cond (Specific Conductivity). Place into clean conductivity standard e. g. : 1000 S/cm (most standards are labeled in S/cm, BUT the calibration value has to be entered as a m. S/cm). Allow one minute to stabilize before accepting the calibration, or if reading has not changed for 30 Sec. Check Cell Constant in Advanced Menu. Readings should be 5. 0 ± 0. 45 If Cell Constant is out of range clean and recalibrate.

Dissolved Oxygen The following tips are how to get the most accurate results for a SAMPLING APPLICATION: Allow probe to warm-up for 4 - 5 minutes before accepting calibration (RS 232 auto sleep disabled) Make sure probe is in a saturated environment Enter current barometer reading (mm. Hg) Record DO Charge for QA/QC purposes Record DO Gain for QA/QC purposes (after calibration) Confirm DO Warm-up Pattern Never accept an “Out of Range”

Dissolved Oxygen The following tips are how to get the most accurate results for an UNATTENDED APPLICATION: Allow probe to warm-up for 4 - 5 minutes before accepting calibration (RS 232 auto sleep enabled) Make sure probe is in a saturated environment Enter current barometer reading (mm. Hg) Record DO Charge for QA/QC purposes Record DO Gain for QA/QC purposes (after calibration) Confirm DO Warm-up Pattern Never accept an “Out of Range”

Calibration Values for Various Atmospheric Pressures & Altitudes In Hg mm. Hg mbars feet meters %sat 30. 23 768 1023 -276 -84 101 29. 92 760 1013 0 0 100 29. 61 752 1003 278 85 99 29. 33 745 993 558 170 98 29. 02 737 983 841 256 97 28. 74 730 973 1126 343 96 28. 43 722 963 1413 431 95 28. 11 714 952 1703 519 94 27. 83 707 942 1995 608 93 27. 52 699 932 2290 698 92

Checking DO Warm-up: Using a 650 MDS Set the Sample interval (under Logging Setup) to 4 seconds. Be sure DO% is set to report. Turn off the 650 and wait 60 seconds. Power up the 650, go to the run mode, watch the DO% output. DO% must display a positive number and decrease with each 4 second sample, eventually stabilizing to the calibration value in approximately 60 -120 seconds. Disregard the first two samples—they can be affected by electronics warm-up.

Checking DO Warm-up: Using a PC Stop Discrete and Unattended sampling. Confirm that auto-sleep RS-232 is enabled (Advanced menu, under Setup). Be sure DO% is set to report. Wait 60 seconds. Start discrete sampling at 4 second intervals. Be sure DO% is set to report. DO% must display a positive number and decrease with each 4 second sample, eventually stabilizing to the calibration value in approximately 60 -120 seconds. Disregard the first two samples—they can be affected by electronics warm-up.

DO Warm-up. Accept/Reject Criteria The DO% must start at a positive number and decrease during the warm-up. Example: 123, 117, 114, 113, 110, 107, 104, 102, 101, 100 Should the display read a negative number of start at a low number and climb up to the calibration point, the probe should be rejected and must not be deployed.

p. H In Report / Setup Parameters, enable p. H m. V Place into a p. H 7. 0 buffer and allow to stabilize for at least one minute. Record m. V Offset value 0 +/- 50. Repeat using p. H 4. 0 buffer, and record m. V slope. Should be +177 m. V different than the value recorded for p. H buffer 7, +/- 10 m. V. Repeat a third time using p. H 10. 0 buffer. m. V should have a slope of - 177 m. V different than the value recorded for p. H buffer 7, +/- 10 m. V. . If m. V readings/slope are out of spec, or if there is slow response, perform cleaning procedure. If the m. V is out of range, or response does not improve after a complete cleaning then soak probe for 24 - 48 hours in 2 M KCl. Replace electrode.

p. H Plot - Nernst Equation p. H 4. 0 p. H 7. 0 +177 slope 0 +/- 50 m. V p. H 10. 0 -177 slope

ORP Allow temperature to stabilize. Use temperature compensation chart that came with ORP Standard to verify value.

Turbidity Choose zero or 2 -point calibration. Be sure your zero/DI water is clear--no particulates. When using the cal cup, only engage one thread. If possible, use laboratory glassware and a dark counter top to minimize interference. Never accept an “Out of Range”

Chlorophyll Do 1 point calibration to zero the probe and use for screening and/or monitoring trends Check for drift and slightly enhance accuracy using dye solution to simulate chlorophyll (2 point cal) Use extractive analysis results from field samples to post calibrate all readings Never accept an “Out of Range”

Post-calibration of In Vivo Chl Readings

Rhodamine Do a 2 -point calibration initially. A 1 point calibration can be used to zero the probe and check for screening and/or monitoring trends Never accept an “Out of Range”

Depth Make sure flow through holes are cleaned with syringe (proved in Maintenance Kit) Leaving the Sonde in air, zero the depth sensor Using advanced menu check the Pressure Offset readings. Readings should be -14. 7 ± 6. 0 Never accept an “Out of Range”

Tips & Tricks

Sensor Storage Recommendations SENSOR 0 - 4 WEEKS+ DO 15 m. L Tap Water, 2 M KCl Temp 15 m. L Tap Water Dry in air Cond 15 m. L Tap Water Dry in air p. H, ORP 15 m. L Tap Water 2 M KCl, Tap Water Turbidity 15 m. L Tap Water Dry in air Chlorophyll 15 m. L Tap Water Dry in air Rhodamine 15 m. L Tap Water Dry in air ISE’s 15 m. L Tap Water Dry in air

Post Cal Data Collecting post calibration data is a good way to track any possible drift caused during spot sampling or deployment. Collect post cal data by placing the probe in the corresponding calibration solutions and recording the data. Perform the check before any probe maintenance is performed.

Conductivity Calibration Tips Service conductivity cell before calibration, refer to (probe care and maintenance) Pre rinse before calibration Ensure that conductivity cell is totally submerged in solution and shake sonde to remove any air bubbles Always use a standard that is a 1000 u. S/cm or greater Always use fresh clean standards and allow at least one minute before calibration Never accept an “Out of Range”

Dissolved Oxygen Confirm electrodes are in good condition; two silver Anodes are shiny, and no tarnish on Cathode (gold strip) if contaminated or tarnished, recondition probe Install new membrane & O-Ring, ensure that no air bubbles are present, place in saturated air environment and put sonde in the RUN MODE for 15 - 20 minutes before calibration (Probe Burn In) Enable DO Charge in Report / Setup Parameters Confirm that DO charge is 50 +/- 25 If DO Charge is out of specs recondition probe Check DO Gain should be 1 within a range of. 7 to 1. 5

p. H Calibrate using at least a 2 Point calibration (7 buffer being the first point) Always use fresh p. H buffers Make sure Temperature Probe is in p. H Buffer Allow at least one minute in each standard before calibrating, or no change in value for 30 seconds Always pre rinse or dry off before changing calibration buffers Record m. V values in all buffers, and check probe response Never accept an Range” “Out of

ORP Calibration Tips Because of minor drifts in both the sensing and reference electrode, the ORP probe should be calibrated ONLY after a good p. H calibration has been performed. ORP calibration is only an adjustment of offset ORP is temperature sensitive and is not compensated - User must record temperature of standard before entering the value of the standard's m. V Record the ORP offset value Never accept an “Out of Range”

Turbidity Ensure wiper is not covering emitter and detector. Do not force the wiper as this will damage the motor beyond repair, do wiper calibration if needed Check Turbidity probe zero calibration in at least 250 ml DI water. Calibrate where necessary (2 point calibration) Never accept an “Out of Range”

Chlorophyll Do 1 point calibration to zero the probe and use for screening and/or monitoring trends Check for drift and slightly enhance accuracy using dye solution to simulate chlorophyll (2 point cal) Use extractive analysis results from field samples to post calibrate all readings Never accept an “Out of Range”

Rhodamine Do 1 point calibration to zero the probe and use for screening and/or monitoring trends Check for drift and slightly enhance accuracy using dye solution to simulate chlorophyll (2 point cal) Use extractive analysis results from field samples to post calibrate all readings Never accept an “Out of Range”

Questions & Thank you