Why must the doctor use a stethoscope to

Chapter 21 Blood and Circulation (Transport in Animals) The heart & its blood vessels

21. 1 Structure of Blood Composition of Mammalian Blood A centrifuge separates blood into

Composition of mammalian blood 1 Plasma (55% by volume) contains water, soluble substances which

Composition of the plasma Substance Function in the body

Composition of the plasma Substance (1) Plasma proteins, eg. fibrinogen, antibodies Function in the

Composition of the plasma Substance Function in the body (1) Plasma proteins, eg. fibrinogen,

Red blood cells platelets Cells: 45% of blood White blood cells

What are the different types of blood cells? RBCs: contain red haemoglobin which enables

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

21. 1 Functions of Blood A. Transport 1. Oxygen - by RBCs in the

4. Urea - produced in the liver, dissolves in plasma, is carried to the

B. Defence against infection 1. Phagocytes: engulf and kill pathogens n 2. Lymphocyte: produce

20. 1. 1 Respiratory Pigments Most vertebrates and many invertebrates have evolved a group

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS PIGMENT COLOUR Metallic ion R. M. M. SITE OCCURS IN

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS PIGMENT COLOUR Metallic ion R. M. M. SITE Chlorocruorin green

Property of respiratory pigments: They can combine readily with oxygen where its concentration is

Haemoglobin: best known & most efficient respiratory pigment in most animals n an Fe

General properties of the oxygen dissociation curves: 1. An efficient respiratory pigment readily picks

20. 1. 2 Transport of Oxygen Dissociation Curve (Fig. 21. 3):

20. 1. 2 Transport of Oxygen n n Oxygen Dissociation Curve : When haemoglobin

Oxygen dissociation curves for the haemoglobin of three mammals (Fig. 21. 4):

Oxygen dissociation curves for the haemoglobin of three mammals (Fig. 21. 4): n Llama

Oxygen dissociation curves for the haemoglobin of 3 animal groups (Fig. 21. 5):

n The release of oxygen from haemoglobin is speeded up by the presence of

Comparison of the oxygen dissociation curves of adult & foetal haemoglobin

Comparison of the oxygen dissociation curves of human haemoglobin and myoglobin

carboxyhaemoglobin: n CO + haemoglobin carboxyhaemoglobin n Because haemoglobin has a greater affinity for

Air Breathing animals living under water i) Frogs have vascular permeable skin for oxygen

iv) Mammals like seals, whales & dolphins: 1. A larger total volume of blood

Human diving problems: 1. pressurized oxygen & nitrogen - toxic & narcotic respectively 2.

Living At High Altitude Amount of oxygen at high altitude is the same as

Acclimatization (adaptations for high altitude living): 1. Adjustment of blood p. H to avoid

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Why must the doctor use a stethoscope to detect my heart beats? My grandfather had a heart attack yesterday. What is a heart attack?

Chapter 21 Blood and Circulation (Transport in Animals) The heart & its blood vessels Lymphatic system

21. 1 Structure of Blood Composition of Mammalian Blood A centrifuge separates blood into two components. n

Composition of mammalian blood 1 Plasma (55% by volume) contains water, soluble substances which include: nutrients, e. g. glucose wastes, e. g. carbon dioxide plasma proteins, e. g. fibrinogen hormones, e. g. insulin antibodies body defence, 2 Cells (45% for by volume) which include: dissolves e. g. carbon red blood gases, cells, white blood cells and platelets

Composition of the plasma Substance Function in the body

Composition of the plasma Substance (1) Plasma proteins, eg. fibrinogen, antibodies Function in the body

Composition of the plasma Substance Function in the body (1) Plasma proteins, eg. fibrinogen, antibodies Body defence

Composition of the plasma Substance Function in the body (1) Plasma proteins, eg. fibrinogen, antibodies (2) Lipids Body defence

Composition of the plasma Substance Function in the body (1) Plasma proteins, eg. fibrinogen, antibodies (2) Lipids Body defence Energy reserve, heat insulation

Composition of the plasma Substance Function in the body (1) Plasma proteins, eg. fibrinogen, antibodies (2) Lipids Body defence (3) Glucose Energy reserve, heat insulation

Composition of the plasma Substance Function in the body (1) Plasma proteins, eg. fibrinogen, antibodies (2) Lipids Body defence (3) Glucose Energy release Energy reserve, heat insulation

Composition of the plasma Substance Function in the body (1) Plasma proteins, eg. fibrinogen, antibodies (2) Lipids Body defence (3) Glucose Energy release (4) Amino acids Energy reserve, heat insulation

Composition of the plasma Substance Function in the body (1) Plasma proteins, eg. fibrinogen, antibodies (2) Lipids Body defence (3) Glucose Energy release (4) Amino acids Forms proteins (5) Hormones Regulation body functions Energy reserve, heat insulation

Red blood cells platelets Cells: 45% of blood White blood cells

Composition of blood

What are the different types of blood cells? RBCs: contain red haemoglobin which enables RBCs to carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide n WBCs: lymphocytes & phagocytes, protect us from diseases n Platelets: broken cell fragments, help in blood clotting n Fibrinogen: changes into fibrin to initiate blood blotting

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 1 Site of formation

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 1 Site of formed in bone formation marrow, life-span: 4 months

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 1 Site of formed in bone formation marrow, marrow or thymus life-span: 4 months

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 1 Site of formed in bone formed in formation marrow, marrow or thymus blood life-span: 4 months marrow

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 1 Site of formed in bone formed in formation marrow, marrow or thymus blood life-span: 4 months 2 Shape marrow

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 1 Site of formed in bone formed in formation marrow, marrow or thymus blood 2 Shape life-span: 4 months biconcave discs, no nucleus, red colour marrow phagocytes: irregular, lobed nucleus & granular cytoplasm

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size small in size

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size small in size some large & some small

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size small in size some large & some small tiny cell fragments

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size 4 Number small in size some large & some small tiny cell fragments

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size small in size 4 Number 5, 000 /mm 3 some large & some small tiny cell fragments

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size small in size 4 Number 5, 000 /mm 3 some large & some small 7, 000 /mm 3 tiny cell fragments

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size small in size 4 Number 5, 000 /mm 3 some large & some small tiny cell fragments 7, 000 /mm 3 250, 000/mm 3

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size small in size 4 Number 5, 000 /mm 3 5 Function some large & some small tiny cell fragments 7, 000 /mm 3 250, 000/mm 3

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size small in size 4 Number 5, 000 /mm 3 5 Function contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen from lungs to all parts of body some large & some small tiny cell fragments 7, 000 /mm 3 250, 000/mm 3

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size small in size some large & some small tiny cell fragments 4 Number 5, 000 /mm 3 7, 000 /mm 3 250, 000/mm 3 5 Function phagocytes kill pathogens & digest dead cells lymphocytes produce antibodies for killing pathogens contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen from lungs to all parts of body

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 3 Size small in size some large & some small tiny cell fragments 4 Number 5, 000 /mm 3 7, 000 /mm 3 250, 000/mm 3 5 Function phagocytes kill for blood pathogens & clotting digest dead cells lymphocytes produce antibodies for killing pathogens contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen from lungs to all parts of body

21. 1 Functions of Blood A. Transport 1. Oxygen - by RBCs in the form of oxyhaemoglobin 2. Carbon dioxide - by plasma in the form of hydrogen carbonate ions 3. Food - carries absorbed food substances such as glucose from the small intestine to various parts of the body

4. Urea - produced in the liver, dissolves in plasma, is carried to the kidney and excreted in the urine 5. Hormones - secreted by endocrine glands into blood for transport 6. Antibodies - carried by blood for body defence 7. Heat - produced during respiration in muscles and liver and transported to other parts of the body

B. Defence against infection 1. Phagocytes: engulf and kill pathogens n 2. Lymphocyte: produce antibodies to kill pathogens n 3. Blood clot: prevent excessive bleeding and prevent entry of pothogens n C. Regulation of body temperature

20. 1. 1 Respiratory Pigments Most vertebrates and many invertebrates have evolved a group of coloured proteins (respiratory pigments) capable of loosely combining with oxygen, in order to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. n These pigments with large relative molecular mass are found in the plasma while those of smaller relative molecular mass occur within cells to prevent them being lost by ultrafiltration in the kidneys. n

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS PIGMENT COLOUR Metallic ion R. M. M. SITE OCCURS IN

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS PIGMENT COLOUR Metallic ion R. M. M. SITE Chlorocruorin green iron 3, 000 plasma OCCURS IN sandworm

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS PIGMENT COLOUR Metallic ion R. M. M. SITE Chlorocruorin green iron 3, 000 plasma sandworm Haemoerythrin red iron 66, 000120, 000 earthworm cells OCCURS IN

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS PIGMENT COLOUR Metallic ion R. M. M. SITE Chlorocruorin green iron 3, 000 plasma sandworm Haemoerythrin red iron 66, 000120, 000 earthworm Haemocyanin blue copper 4, 000 plasma 7, 000 cells OCCURS IN mulluscs crustaceans

Property of respiratory pigments: They can combine readily with oxygen where its concentration is high, i. e. at the lungs , n and to release it as readily where its concentration is low, i. e. in the tissues. n

Haemoglobin:

Haemoglobin: best known & most efficient respiratory pigment in most animals n an Fe porphyrin compound (haemo group) n and a protein (globin); n globin group varies in different species but the haem group is always the same n each human haemoglobin has 4 haem groups and can carry 4 O 2 n

General properties of the oxygen dissociation curves: 1. An efficient respiratory pigment readily picks up oxygen at the respiratory surface and releases it on arrival at tissues. 2. Respiratory pigments have a high affinity for oxygen when its concentration (in terms of partial pressures/tensions) is high, but reduced when the oxygen concentration is low.

20. 1. 2 Transport of Oxygen Dissociation Curve (Fig. 21. 3):

20. 1. 2 Transport of Oxygen n n Oxygen Dissociation Curve : When haemoglobin is exposed to a gradual increase in O 2 tension it absorbs O 2 rapidly at first, but more slowly as the tension continues to rise, e. g. % saturation at 10 O 2 tension/k. Pa = 95 % % saturation at 5 O 2 tension/Kpa = 50 % % of O 2 released = 40 %

Oxygen dissociation curves for the haemoglobin of three mammals (Fig. 21. 4):

Oxygen dissociation curves for the haemoglobin of three mammals (Fig. 21. 4): n Llama - animal living at high altitude: n The reduced atmospheric pressure makes it difficult to load haemoglobin. It has a high affinity for oxygen to compensate for this • Mouse - a small animal with a large surface area to volume ratio: high metabolic rate. Its haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen and thus unloads it quickly to the tissues. This does not affect the loading of oxygen at normal conditions at the lungs. • Human - has properties between these two mammals

Oxygen dissociation curves for the haemoglobin of 3 animal groups (Fig. 21. 5):

n The release of oxygen from haemoglobin is speeded up by the presence of carbon dioxide or (Bohr effect): • i. e. the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right.

Comparison of the oxygen dissociation curves of adult & foetal haemoglobin

Comparison of the oxygen dissociation curves of human haemoglobin and myoglobin

carboxyhaemoglobin: n CO + haemoglobin carboxyhaemoglobin n Because haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen. n Carboxyhaemoglobin is irreversible and permanently bound to haemoglobin. n n The oxygen transport function of haemoglobin is thus prevented. n asphyxia: death due to inhaling too much carbon monoxide and organs are deprived of oxygen.

Air Breathing animals living under water i) Frogs have vascular permeable skin for oxygen diffusion in water ii) Insects store air in their tracheal systems iii) Water beetle stores air beneath its wing covers in addition to their tracheae

iv) Mammals like seals, whales & dolphins: 1. A larger total volume of blood 2. Increased concentration of red blood cells 3. Greater haemoglobin concentration 4. Reduced sensitivity to blood p. H 5. Muscles rich in myoglobin 6. Reduction in cardiac output 7. Restriction of blood supply to vital organs 8. Tolerance of high lactate levels 9. Reduced metabolic rate during a dive 10. Larger tidal volume 11. Lungs may be almost entirely collapsed 12. Cartilaginous rings extend further into lungs 13. Expulsion of air during the dive 14. Closure of nostrils

Human diving problems: 1. pressurized oxygen & nitrogen - toxic & narcotic respectively 2. painful symptoms ('bends') when divers surface rapidly Solutions: decompression, oxygen-helium mixture for breathing with heated diving suits & helium speech unscramblers

Living At High Altitude Amount of oxygen at high altitude is the same as at sea level, but reduced atmospheric pressure with more difficulty for haemoglobin to load with oxygen.

Acclimatization (adaptations for high altitude living): 1. Adjustment of blood p. H to avoid hyperventilation 2. Increased oxygen uptake 3. Improved transport of oxygen to the tissues by a) increased red blood cell concentration b) increased haemoglobin concentration 4. Changes in haemoglobin affinity for oxygen 5. Increased myoglobin levels in muscles