PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION PLNT 1150 Alex Latchininsky

PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION PLNT 1150 Alex Latchininsky Assistant Professor / Extension Entomologist Dept. of Renewable Resources January 2006

DISCLAIMER Trade or brand names used in this presentation are used only for educational purposes The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement information of products is implied

LICE Order Phthiraptera, 3 types 1/8”

TREATMENT OF HEAD LICE • Permethrin or Pyrethrin shampoos • Malathion shampoos • Re-treat in 10 days (cannot kill eggs) • Louse or nit combs • Pets? No! Personal hygiene Do not share caps or combs Head lice are NOT disease vectors

BODY LICE • Less common in the U. S. • Larger than Head Lice – 1/7” • Hide in clothing seams • Vectors of epidemic typhus (rickettsiae) • Vectors of trench fever (World War I: 1. 8 million cases in U. S. military)

PUBIC or CRAB LICE 1/16” Do not transmit disease agents Found only on humans – not on cats or dogs

FLEAS Order Siphonaptera Size: 1/16” No wings Cat flea

LIFE CYCLE OF A FLEA Total: 12 -174 d (typical: 3 to 5 wks)

FLEAS: MEDICAL IMPORTANCE • Piercing mouthparts – feed exclusively on blood • Irritation from flea bites • Primary vector of bubonic plague (Oriental rat flea) Bacterium Yersinia pestis Mortality rate 90% - “Black Death” Middle Ages: killed 1/3 of Europe’s population in a few decades • Vector of Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) • Intermediate hosts of dog tapeworms – may infect humans if the flea is inadvertently swallowed

MANAGEMENT OF FLEAS 1. Treat the pet 2. Treat the premises Pet treatments: Insect Growth Regulators (methoprene, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen), or Adulticides (fipronil, imidacloprid) Premises treatments: Steam clean; IGRs; Sanitation (vacuum to remove eggs)

Bed Bugs • • • Order Hemiptera – True Bugs Piercing-sucking beak One species – Cimex lectularius

Cairo Hotel Marriott October 2005

Bed Bugs • Female produces up to 500 eggs • Can survive 1 year without blood meal • Hides during the day, active by night • Produces foul smelling substance when disturbed • Sanitation!

BLOOD SUCKING FLIES Order Diptera = “two wings” wings halteres

BLACK FLIES Family Simuliidae Larva Pupa Larvae develop in flowing water Adults can be black, gray or yellow Size: 1/8”

BLACK FLIES LIFE CYCLE Adult Emerging adult in air bubble Eggs on a submerged water plant Pupae Larvae in feeding position

BLACK FLIES • Attracted to dark colors and carbon dioxide • Vicious biters. Piercing, blade-like mouthparts • Bites are painful because of venom (saliva) • Do not attack indoors or at night • Extremely numerous in early Summer • May transmit diseases, even encephalitis • Protection: repellents (DEET)

STABLE FLY Larva (maggot) Pupa Stomoxys calcitrans adult

STABLE FLY Bayonet-like mouthparts Stable fly House fly • Both male and female are blood-sucking • Attracted to dark colors • Breeding sites: manure, straw • Control: similar to house flies • SANITATION!

HOUSE FLY Sponging mouthparts A carrier of up to 40 diseases, including: typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, and anthrax. The fly transmits diseases by carrying disease organisms onto food. It picks up disease organisms on its leg hairs or eats them and then regurgitates them onto food (in the process of liquefying solid food)

WYOMING MOSQUITOES At least 45 species Main genera: Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, Culiseta, Wyeomiya, Mansonia

MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE adults pupa eggs larva

Aquatic stages Mosquito pupae Mosquito larvae

Mosquito wing Scales

Male mosquito does not bite

MOSQUITOES AS DISEASE VECTORS #1 vectors of numerous devastating diseases worldwide -Encephalitis (5 types) Western Equine Encephalitis – Culex tarsalis -West Nile Virus – Culex pipiens (East), C. tarsalis (West) -Dengue – Aedes aegypti -Yellow fever – Aedes aegypti -Malaria – Anopheles spp. -Filariasis (nematodes) – Culex, Aedes, Anopheles spp. -Dog heartworm – Culex, Aedes spp.

MOSQUITO LIFE HISTORIES Four larval habitat types are used to group the mosquitoes: 1. 2. 3. 4. Permanent Pool Container Floodwater Transient water

Permanent Pool Habitat

Permanent Pool Habitat Group Need shallow water with emergent plants Eggs laid singly on water surface for Anopheles species Overwinter as adult mated females Not very important species as disease vectors or nuisance in Wyoming Anopheles species are only mosquitoes that can vector malaria

Container Group Habitat

Container Habitat Group Need artificial or natural containers that hold water long enough to complete larval development Eggs laid singly at water line surface for Aedes species. Culex species sometimes use this habitat also Overwinter as eggs, multiple broods per season Important species as disease vectors worldwide, less so in Wyoming Often the target of urban mosquito control

Floodwater Habitat Eggs are deposited singly on damp soil which is intermittently flooded

Floodwater Group Aedes species dominate this habitat Eggs are laid singly where the mosquito female senses the area has been submerged in water before Several hatches per year - Ae. dorsalis, Ae. melanimon & Ae. vexans, most common species in WY Overwinter in egg stage When conditions are correct can rapidly develop - 6 days Capable of flying long distances

Transient Water Habitat Roadside ditches, irrigated lands etc.

Transient Water Group Culex species dominate this habitat, esp. mucky water. Culex tarsalis life history: Eggs are laid as rafts on water surface At 80 F, go from egg to adult in 10 days Overwinter as adult, fed and mated female Populations build through summer Month life span as adult, up to 4 blood meals possible Capable of flying 0. 5 mile per night Feed at night, will enter buildings Prefers birds but will switch to horses and humans

Culex tarsalis

2003 WEST NILE VIRUS CASES 2004 2005 Year WY CA 2003 2004 2005 375 10 12 3 760 865

Culex tarsalis

MOSQUITO SURVEYS Adult surveys -CDC light traps -Dry ice traps (C. tarsalis) -Landing and biting collections -Insect sweep net collections -Truck trap collections Larval and pupal surveys -Dipping

MOSQUITO CONTROL Source reduction -Water management -Sanitation -Irrigation optimization -Drainage Biological control -Gambusia fish -Pathogens (Bti, Bs)

MOSQUITO CONTROL Chemical control -Larviciding (larval control) The most efficient control strategy Minimizes treated areas Avoids treating populated areas -Adulticiding (control of adults) Usually, consists of Ultra-Low Volume spraying in urban areas

PRODUCTS FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL

I. LARVICIDES A. I. Trade name Formulation Pros Cons Temephos Abate G, EC Lowest cost Nontarget Methoprene Altosid G, B, P, LC Nontarget safe Cannot be certain of efficacy until too late to retreat Oils BVA, Golden Bear Oil Acts on pupae Monomole- Agnique. Liquid Acts on pupae Oil film Subsurf. larvae Subsurf. cular film Larvae

I. LARVICIDES (contd. ) A. I. Trade name Formulation Pros Cons Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (Bti) Aquabac Bactimos Larv. X, Teknar Dunks Liquid WDG, AS, P, G, B Nontarget safe Short Briquets window control 30+d of trtmt. , pupae Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) Vecto. Lex G, WDG Nontarget safe Pupae AS – Aqueous Suspension; B – Briquets; EC – Emulsifiable Concentrate; G – granules; LC – Liquid Concentrate; P – Pellets; WDG – Water-Dispersible Granules

II. ADULTICIDES A. I. Trade name Formulation Pros Cons Malathion Fyfanon, Atrapa, Prentox ULV, thermal fog Tolerances OP, some resistance Naled Dibrom, Trumpet ULV, EC, thermal fog Tolerances OP, corrosive Fenthion Batex ULV None OP, FL Permethrin Permanone, Aqua. Resilin, Biomist, Mosquito beater ULV, thermal fog, clothing treatment Low vertebrate None toxicity ULV – Ultra Low Volume; OP – Organophosphate insecticide

II. ADULTICIDES (contd. ) A. I. Trade name Formulation Pros Resmethrin Scourge ULV, thermal fog Low vertebrate RUP toxicity Sumithrin Anvil ULV, thermal fog Low vertebrate No toxicity tolerance Pyrethrins Pyrenone Pyronyl ULV, EC Natural pyrethrum, tolerances, larvicide also ULV – Ultra Low Volume; RUP – Restricted Use Pesticide Cons May be costly

MOSQUITO CONTROL WORKSHOP Organized by WMMA Lander, 18 -19 April 2006 Contact: Nancy Webber, Fremont Co. Weed and Pest (307) 332 -1052

OTHER STINGING AND BITING INSECTS

Imported Fire Ants Solenopsis invicta (Red) & Solenopsis richteri (Black)

Vicious Attackers Blisters and pustules following Fire Ant sting

Control Chemical: Single mound or area-wide broadcast treatments (granular insecticides or baits)

Africanized Honey Bees

Wasps and Bees Honey bee with a stinger Yellow jacket wasp

Bumble Bees

OTHER ARTHROPODS Class Arachnida SPIDERS – Order Aranea TICKS – Order Acari

BLACK WIDOW SPIDER FEMALE “Hourglass” pattern on the abdomen

BLACK WIDOW SPIDERS Mature female Immature female Mature male

HOBO SPIDER

BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER EYES 2 2 2

WIND SCORPION

TICKS • Close relatives of spiders, and NOT insects: adults have 8 legs • Blood-sucking parasites of mammals, birds and reptiles • Both males and females feed on blood • Efficient vectors of diseases (#2 after mosquitoes)

Soft tick Rocky Mountain Wood tick (hard)

ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD TICK • Hosts: Small rodents, porcupines, deer and large domestic animals • Most common species that bites people • Vector of: Colorado tick fever*, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Tick paralysis (rare), Tularemia (rare) Dermacentor andersoni adult • Not a vector of Lyme disease, which is transmitted by Ixodes scapularis *American dog tick is also a vector of CTF

RM WOOD TICK LIFE CYCLE: 3 hosts (Large mammal host) Small mammal host

ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD TICK PREVENTION: • Avoid tick habitats • Use tick repellents (DEET) • Wear protective clothes • Clothing treatment with Permethrin (Permanone) • Tick checks after visiting possible habitats HOW TO REMOVE A TICK: • Use blunt tweezers • Pull the tick slowly • Treat the feeding place with disinfectant