Making Foreign and Defense Policy 18 Video The

Making Foreign and Defense Policy 18

Video: The Big Picture 18 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Magleby_Ch 18_Making_Foreign_a nd_Defense_Policy_Seg 1_v 1. html

Learning Objectives 18 18. 3 Outline the structure of the foreign policy and defense bureaucracy 18. 4 Evaluate the options for achieving foreign policy and defense goals

Video: The Basics 18 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 2_Foreign. Defense_v 2. html

I. Understanding Foreign Policy and Defense 18. 1 Lesson Objective: Analyze the questions and responses that shape approaches to U. S. foreign policy and defense There are different ways in which foreign policy experts view the world. The viewpoints come from our past history, present relationships, and future goals.

A. Realism Versus Idealism 1. Viewpoints like realism and idealism attempt to determine other countries’ intentions and motivations a. Realism: other nations are interested in their own advancement/ Aggressive self-interest b. Idealism: nations work together to solve global issues 2. Presidential viewpoints often vary with the individual 18. 1

B. Isolationism Versus Internationalism 1. Are America’s best interests are served by becoming more – or less – involved? Isolationism v internationalism a. Human rights b. Global hunger c. War on terrorism 18. 1

C. Unilateralism Versus Multilateralism Should the U. S. act unilaterally or multilaterally? 1. Military dominance allows us to act unilaterally 2. 2. Advantages to multilateralism 1. Global good will 2. Military strategy 3. United Nations 1. U. S. action within UN gives it international legitimacy 18. 1

Food Aid 18. 1

D. Pre-emption Versus Provocation 1. Pre-emption/Bush Doctrine/Iraq 2. U. S. responses to provocation a. Pearl Harbor b. Gulf of Tonkin 18. 1

E. Hard Power Versus Soft Power 1. Hard power a. Military action b. Economic sanctions such as cutting off aid and trade 2. Soft power a. Diplomacy b. Foreign Aid c. Influence among nations 18. 1

18. 1 Which of the following suggests that nations will most often act in their own self-interest? a. Isolationism b. Unilateralism c. Idealism d. Realism 18. 1

18. 1 Which of the following suggests that nations will most often act in their own self-interest? a. Isolationism b. Unilateralism c. Idealism d. Realism 18. 1

Video: In Context 18. 1 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 3_Foreign. Defense_v 2. html

II. The Foreign Policy and Defense Agenda 18. 2 Learning Objective: Assess the status of each of the issues that currently dominate the foreign policy and defense agenda Foreign policy has evolved due to globalization and terrorism. Plus, the rise of China and India as global economic powers, and ongoing trouble in the Middle East, Iran and North Korea.

Camp David 18. 2

A. Addressing Global Climate Change 1. Kyoto Protocol a. correlation between global warming and greenhouse gases b. Ratified by most industrial nations 2. The U. S. position a. Balked at fossil-fuel burning restrictions b. Perceived unfair disadvantage to U. S. economy c. Did not ratify Kyoto Protocol 18. 2

B. Controlling Weapons of Mass Destruction 1. Nuclear non-proliferation since end of Cold War a. Russia and US agreed in 1989 to reduce to 1500 b. 2012 US attempted to reduce by another 1500 c. Iran and North Korea are the biggest focus 2. Biological and chemical threats a. Concern regarding rogue nations, non-state actors because there is no deterrence 18. 2

Iran’s nuclear program 18. 2

C. Fighting Terrorism 18. 2 1. Terrorism remains the main threat to national security. a. Highly specialized bureaus and agencies within U. S. departments b. Intelligence-gathering c. Multi-national cooperation 2. Global spread of terrorist activity. London, Madrid, Moscow, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Its spread is such that it often necessitates a truly international response, although often headed by U. S. efforts

Osama Bin Laden 18. 2

D. Negotiating Peace in the Middle East 1. U. S. has attempted to broker peace for decades. 2. Oil dependence 3. Least developed in terms of democracy, freedom, women’s rights, and education 4. Autocratic regimes and economic stagnation fuels Islamic extremism 5. Arab Spring has seen the ousting of dictators. 18. 2

Peace Corps 18. 2

E. Promoting Free Trade 18. 2 1. Nations are increasingly economically dependent 2. US depends on foreign markets there we supports global free-trade efforts. For example, NAFTA 3. Trade with China has been complicated a. human rights abuses b. cyber attacks c. intellectual property violations d. US debt purchased from China

E. Strengthening Democracy and International Understanding 18. 2 1. The geo-strategy of democracy a. Cold War containment b. Current role in global security 2. Humanitarianism or stabilization to regimes friendly to the US’s access to raw materials and markets. 3. Foreign Aid a. grants, loan forgiveness b. military assistance c. technological modernization assistance

18. 2 Which of the following best illustrates the U. S. commitment to freetrade? a. The Kyoto protocol b. The NAFTA agreement c. The SALT and START treaties d. The Peace Corps 18. 2

18. 2 Which of the following best illustrates the U. S. commitment to freetrade? a. The Kyoto protocol b. The NAFTA agreement c. The SALT and START treaties d. The Peace Corps 18. 2

Video: In the Real World 18. 2 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 5_Foreign. Defense_v 2. html

III. The Foreign Policy and Defense Bureaucracy -Because the President is Head of State most foreign and defense policy emanates from Executive Branch. 18. 3

A. The National Security Council 1. closely advises president at highest level of foreign policy 2. integrates foreign, military, and economic policies 3. Created by National Security Act 1947 4. Inclusion of V. P. , Secretaries of Defense & State, National Security advisor 18. 3

B. The State Department 18. 3 1. Overseas all aspects of Global Policies a. negotiates treaties b. protect US citizens c. promote commercial interest d. involved with homeland security 2. Embassies/consulates staffed by member of the Foreign Service a. carry out foreign policy b. gather economic, political, and intelligence data c. cultivate friendly relations with host government

9/11 Commission 18. 3

C. Intelligence Agencies 18. 3 1. CIA a. Provides vital information on which policy decisions are made b. Reporting (based on close and rigorous observation), analysis (attempt to detect meaningful patterns), and dissemination (getting the right information to the right people at the right time) 2. The Broader Intelligence Community/12 a. Each agency created for a particular type of intelligence and in order to provide information to an unique client. b. After 9/11 Congress created the Office of the Director of National Intelligence which coordinates movement of information

D. The Department of Defense 18. 3 I. Implements defense policy II. Management of the armed forces is headquartered at the Pentagon III. Joint Chiefs of Staff (committee) are heads of the respective Armed forces plus a chair and vice chair are civilians and act as advisors to the military IV. Military was conscription based until 1970 s. V. Reduction of personnel due to changing nature of war V. Weapons and military contracts are a major US industry. “Military Industrial Complex” as a way to protect jobs

18. 3 Which of the following are the respective heads of the Armed Forces? a. The Central Intelligence Agency b. The Joint Chiefs of Staff c. The Foreign Service d. The National Security Council 18. 3

18. 3 Which of the following are the respective heads of the Armed Forces? a. The Central Intelligence Agency b. The Joint Chiefs of Staff c. The Foreign Service d. The National Security Council 18. 3

Explore Foreign and Defense Policy: How Much Does America Spend on Defense? 18. 3 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/long_magleby_mpslgb p_25/pex 18. html

IV. Foreign Policy and Defense Options 18. 4 Military dominance has not been sufficient in achieving US foreign policy goals. US must rely on soft power alternative.

Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist 18. 4 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 4_Foreign. Defense_v 2. html

Voting in Egypt 18. 4

A. Conventional Diplomacy (Soft Power) 18. 4 1. Maintenance of formal communications between States a. Embassies, ambassadors, and officials of state b. “Breaking” diplomatic relations signals an impasse short of military action 2. The United Nations (UN) created to permanently establish a diplomatic forum a. The UN Security Council consist of US, Russia, France, England, China

B. Public Diplomacy (Soft Power) 18. 4 1. Public diplomacy synonymous with public relations 2. U. S. seeks to improves its global image with the use of different types of media and “brand marketing” 3. U. S. propaganda efforts a. Voice of America, WWII b. Campaign for Truth, Cold War 4. Office of Global Communication a. response to 9/11

C. Foreign Aid (Soft Power) 1. Provides the U. S. another foreign policy options in strategic parts of the world. 2. Almost all rich countries provide aid for both humanitarian and security reasons 2. Foreign aid is politically unpopular at home a. About 1% of federal budget used on foreign aid b. Most aid subsidizes U. S. businesses 18. 4

D. Economic Sanctions (Soft Power) 18. 4 1. Deny exports, imports, aid, or financial relations to targeted country in an effort to change policy 2. Sanctions yield mixed results a. South Africa/ apartheid, Libya/nuclear program Cuba/embargo, Iran/nuclear program, Ukraine 3. Sanctions affect all economies and be costly to US business while intensifying US anti-sentiment

E. Military Action (Hard Power) 1. Reflects the breakdown of soft power 2. U. S. has used military action regularly since 1789 3. U. S. military role as superpower a. Lessons of Vietnam 4. Tactical considerations a. to b. of Able to deploy troops swiftly and overwhelmingly due conventional superiority Covert Ops better suited to non-conventional warfare the 21 st century to deal with hot-spots. 18. 4

TABLE 18. 1: Costs of War 18. 4

18. 4 About how much of the U. S. federal budget is spent on foreign aid? a. 1% b. 5% c. 12% d. 29% 18. 4

18. 4 About how much of the U. S. federal budget is spent on foreign aid? a. 1% b. 5% c. 12% d. 29% 18. 4

18. 4 Explore the Simulation: You Are the President of the United States During a Foreign Policy Crisis http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/long_longman_media _1/2013_mpsl_sim/simulation. html? simula. URL=20

Discussion Question Is U. S. foreign policy headed in the right direction? Why not? 18

Video: So What? 18 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Magleby_Ch 18_Making_Foreign_a nd_Defense_Policy_Seg 6_v 1. html

Further Review: On My. Poli. Sci. Lab ¤Listen to the Chapter ¤Study and Review the Flashcards ¤Study and Review the Practice Tests 18