Foreign Policy Foreign Policy Foreign Policy A countrys

Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy • Foreign Policy - A country’s overall plan for dealing with other nations. • The President is “Chief Diplomat” • The President has two kinds of powers when dealing with foreign policy * Soft Powers * Hard Powers

Soft and Hard Powers of the President • Soft Powers – getting other countries to want the same outcomes as you • Hard Powers – using force or coercion to get what you want

te Promo m freedo and acy r c o m de d abroa the e r u s En of safety ns ca Ameri d abroa to Respond nal o i t a n r e t n i ntal e m n o r i v en disasters Establish good trade relations with other countries Protect our national borders Mainta in positiv e relatio ns with al hip lies Goals of Foreign Policy ate Elimin world s dictator Combat terrorism Send humanitari an aid to impoverish ed nations Mediate civil wa rs in other nations

3) diplo macy 2) su mmit s 4) trade relations Soft Power Tools 1) treaties id na 5) foreig 6) cultural e xchanges Foreign Policy Tools 7) intel ligence gather in ction a t r e v o c ) 8 g Hard Power Tools ed f 11) arm orce 10) military allia nces 9) boycotts and sanctions

Soft Powers

Treaties • Agreements between two or more countries. – ending wars – protecting the environment. • The Senate must approve with a 2/3 vote.

Summits • Summits- When national leaders come together for faceto-face talks. • Address problems of mutual concern. • Executive Agreements - pacts with the leader(s) of foreign countries that do not require Senate approval

Diplomacy § The president sets foreign policy and is the spokesperson for America. § The Department of State (headed by the Secretary of State) helps conduct foreign affairs. § Ambassadors and other diplomats reside and work at U. S. embassies in countries all over the world.

Trade Relations • Countries use trade to get other nations to do what they want • If a country receives “most favored nation” status in a trade agreement, they get all the benefits of any other U. S. trading partner.

Foreign Aid • Developmental – long term aid to improve economic, democratic, and environmental, and health related issues. • Security – protect U. S. political, economic, and national security interests abroad. • Humanitarian – help victims of disasters (both natural and human-caused). • Military – helps U. S. allies acquire military equipment and supports training of peacekeeping forces from other countries.

Cultural Exchange • People develop a greater understanding of diversity • Increases understanding and good will with other countries • May involve visits to another country by groups of students, educators, scientists, businesspeople, or artists.

Hard Powers

Intelligence Gathering • CIA and other agencies gather information related to national security • public sources • spying • “It’s the importance of finding out what they’re planning ahead of time. That is the task of intelligence. . . ” – Former Secretary of Defense C. Weinberger

Covert Action • A secret operation in another country that supports U. S. foreign policy. • a government effort to change the economic, military, or political situation in a foreign country or territory in a hidden way. • CIA usually carries out covert action

Boycotts and Sanctions • Economic actions taken against a country to encourage its government to change its policies – Boycotts – refusal to buy goods – Tariffs - tax on imports – Trade barriers - increased regulation – Embargos -refusal to sell certain goods to certain countries.

Military Alliances • Agreements made by countries to defend one another in case of an attack. • Important for small countries that lack the resources to defend themselves. • NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization includes the U. S. and 25 other nations.

Armed Force • As “Commander in Chief”, the president has the final authority over and responsibility for all military matters. • Armed force is the “tool of last resort. ” • Powers shared with Congress – War Powers Resolution of 1973 • President can send troops into combat but must report to Congress within 48 hours • President must return troops within 60 days unless Congress approves of a longer period

Foreign Policy Activity

U. S. Foreign Policy. . . • … is this country’s actions, words, and beliefs towards other countries. • The main goals of our foreign policy is to: – protect America and Americans – support economic growth and human rights around the world – increase support for American values like democracy and freedom • Most often, the President and executive branch initiate our foreign policy responses to world events and work with the legislative branch to carry out those responses.

Foreign Aid. . . • … is the help or assistance that we give to other countries, usually through our Department of State. • The main goal of our foreign aid is to create friendships abroad and foster future trading partners. • Foreign aid comes in many forms. The most common are – economic, like money – military, like soldiers helping after a disaster – advice, like how to create a democracy

Military. . . • … is this country’s troops, led by our President who is called the Commander-in-Chief. • The main goal of our military is to prevent war and protect the United States. • The Department of Defense is made up of the following branches: – – Army Navy Air Force Marines

Treaties. . . • … are a formal agreement between countries that, like laws, must be followed. • The President is responsible for negotiating and signing treaties. All treaties must be approved by 2/3 rds of the Senate. • An example: – Countries form an alliance through signing a treaty. This treaty says that if one of the countries is attached, the others will step in to protect each other.

Activity • Identify the responses in following scenarios with these three choices: – (1) Foreign Aid – (2) Military – (3) Treaties

• Upon President Wilson’s request on April 6, 1917, Congress declared War on Germany and gave the President the power to lead the army and navy to fight Germany in World War I. • Military

• In 2003, President George W. Bush decided to focus support on a worldwide initiative to help countries prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. • Foreign Aid

• In 1949, after World War II, the United States and other democratic western countries formed NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It said that if any country was attacked by an outside nation, they would help defend each other. • Treaty

• The United States government provides advice and help for countries wanting to start new democracies by showing them how to run fair elections. • Foreign Aid

• In 1968, the major countries of the world agreed to the “Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, ” which is aimed at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons. As of 2010, over 180 countries have joined. • Treaty

• In 1990, Iraqi leader Sadam Hussein invaded and took over neighboring Kuwait. In January 1991, Congress authorized President George H. W. Bush to lead U. S. troops into Kuwait and force the Iraqi troops to leave. • Military

• In response to the January 2010 earthquake that devastated Haiti, the United States has given the country significant aid in the form of food, water, and medical care. • Foreign Aid

• The United States has a program aimed at helping people in developing countries have access to safe drinking water. • Foreign Aid

• On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This act would bring the U. S. into World War II. The next day, Congress passed a war declaration giving President Roosevelt the power the lead the entire U. S. military against Japan. • Military

• In June 1950, during the Cold War, communist North Korea invaded South Korea. The United States had been supporting South Korea. As a result of the invasion, President Truman sent U. S. troops as part of a United Nations mission to fight on behalf of South Korea. • Military

• President Wilson wanted the United States to agree to the Treaty of Versailles, the overall peace treaty ending the war in Europe, and to join the League of Nations. The U. S. Senate rejected these actions, so the U. S. did not agree to them. • Treaty

• After World War II, the United States gave more than $13 billion to help rebuild countries and support their democratic governments. • Foreign Aid

• The United States, Canada, and Mexico agreed to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), whose goal is to make it easier to trade among the three countries. • Treaty

• On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists attacked the United States. President George W. Bush asked Congress for a resolution asking to use military force against those responsible; this led to U. S. troops fighting in Afghanistan, where Al-Qaeda leaders were based. • Military

• The United States was the first country to approve of the document that created the United Nations, an international organization created after World War II, that tries to keep world peace. • Treaty