Objectives How did American Foreign Policy Shift from

Objectives • How did American Foreign Policy Shift from 1939 to America’s entry into the war in 1941? • What factors contributed to Japan’s decision to attack Pearl Harbor? What impact did this have on the United States? • How did the U. S. mobilize for WWII on the home front? What impact did this have on various minority groups within the U. S. ?

Getting Drawn into the War • Fall of France-1940 • Battle of Britain – Last Line of Defense • Japanese threat to American Economic Interests in Region • Japanese Aggression • Attack on Pearl Harbor

U. S. Ramps Up Involvement in WWII • U. S. Policy (1935 -1939): Isolationism – Neutrality Acts 1935 -1937/Cash & Carry (1939) • U. S. Policy (1940 -1941): Intervention. . . ? – Destroyers for Bases (Spring 1940/FDR & Churchill) • Made by Executive Agreement, not Treaty…why? • Britain receives 50 old American destroyers in exchange for the right to build American military bases on British owned territory in the west. – Selective Service (1940) • Following fall of France, Congress estbl. 1 st Peacetime draft • Roosevelt authorizes construction of 2 Ocean Navy – Lend Lease Act (March 1941) • Allows the U. S. to lend or lease arms (weapons) to any country considered “vital to the defense of the U. S. ” • Roosevelt orders Naval Escorts; Arming of Merchant Ships…How? Why? – Atlantic Charter (Aug. 1941) • Agreement between FDR and Churchill committing both nations to trying to estbl. A post-war world of democracy, self determination, non-aggression (disarmament), free trade, and internat’l. org.

Dec. 7, 1941: Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor: The Attack

Japan: Rising Power = Rising Tensions • Souring Relations w/ U. S. – Paris Peace Conference • Racial Equality Clause Rejected – Discrimination/Segregation in the United States • Immigration Act of 1924/ Exclusion Act • Acts of Aggression – 1931 Overtakes Manchuria – 1937 Invasion of E. China – 1938 Mobilization Bill – 1940 Tripartite Pact…Japan joins Axis Powers

Japan: Expanding the Empire • 1940: Japanese occupy N. ½ of French Indochina • 1941—Non Aggression Pact w/ USSR—Military complete ctrl of govt. • July 1941—occupy S. ½ of French Indochina • Thus, Japanese decide to invade Dutch East Indies • US applies economic pressure – Restrict sale on airplane fuel/parts , & scrap iron • U. S. offers Lend-Lease Aid to China • US freezes all Japanese assets in U. S; oil embargo

Why Attack Philippines, Guam, and Pearl Harbor?

Plans for Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941 • Purpose of Attack on Pearl Harbor: – Neutralize U. S. Pacific Naval fleet; Prevent interference in E. Asia – Protect Oil from Dutch E. Indies – Destroy American Morale – Philippines and Guam • Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto • Continue Negotiations in D. C. while planning attack

Results • US Casualties – 2, 343 dead – 1, 272 wounded – 960 missing • Sank or damaged: – 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 4 destroyers, 164 aircraft U. S. S. Arizona

“A date which will live in infamy” Roosevelt Asks Congress for Formal Declaration of War • America Declares war on Japan (Dec. 8, 1941) • Germany and Italy declare war on US (Dec. 11, 1941)

Japan’s Rapidly Growing Empire

Increased Role of Government • War Production Board (WPB). The WPB had the authority to set priorities and production goals and to control the distribution of raw materials and supplies. • The Office of Price Administration was also established to control prices, monitor inflation, and ration scarce products essential for war making capabilities • National War Labor Board imposed ceilings on wage increases • Smith Connally Anti-Strike Act authorized government to seize and operate any “tied-up” industries

Mobilizing for War: Production

Mobilizing for War: Production • War Production Board (WPB)-formed to efficiently set production quotas on items needed for the war

Mobilizing for War: Rationing http: //www. pbs. org/thewar/detail_5406. htm

Mobilizing for War: Rationing

Mobilizing for War: Rationing/Food Production

Mobilizing for War: Food Production

Mobilizing for War: Enlistments

Funding the War: War Bonds

Women and the War

14 th Amendment • “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. ”

Executive Order 9066: Forced Japanese Internment • Executive Order 9066 – Feb. 1942: Ordered the forced relocation of Japanese Americans on the west coast into internment camps – Apprx. 120, 000 Japanese Americans impacted • 65% were American Citizens • Korematsu v. U. S. – Supreme Court justified the executive order as a wartime necessity. • Show clip from “The War”

Japanese Internment in America Jimmie Kayana http: //www. pbs. org/thewar/detail_5380. htm

Japanese Internment in Canada • Sept. 1942 – 22, 000 Japanese Canadians forcibly evacuated – Stripped of possessions, most only 24 hrs. notice; govt. auctions possessions – Forced deportations – Restrictions lasted until 1949 • Why were those of Japanese descent interned in the U. S. & Canada? Attack on Pearl Harbor National Security Threat? Racism Competitive in labor market (work for low wages) – Take land from whites – –

Looking Deeper at Internment Austin Anson, the managing secretary of the Grower-Shipper Vegetable Association, a farm organization, is quoted as saying: We're charged with wanting to get rid of the Japs for selfish reasons. We might as well be honest. We do. It's a question of whether the white man lives on the Pacific Coast or the brown men. They came to this valley to work, and they stayed to take over. They offer higher land prices and higher rents than the white man can pay for land. They undersell the white man in the markets. They can do this because they raise their own labor. They work their women and children while the white farmer has to pay wages for his help. If all the Japs were removed tomorrow, we'd never miss them in two weeks, because the white farmers can take over and produce everything the Jap grows. And we don't want them back when the war ends, either.

Impact of Relocation Camps on Japanese Internees • Most Japanese lost their homes, ancestral heirlooms, clothing and furniture, land, and businesses before entering the camp, so their long-term physical, emotional, economic, and social stability was uncertain. – Property loss: $1. 3 billion; Net Income Loss: $2. 7 billion • Families were internally dislocated due to lack of privacy, eating in mess halls in groups, and policies that divided them into so-called "good" and "bad" internees. • After the war, almost 6, 000 Japanese Americans renounced their U. S. citizenship to protest their treatment as American citizens during the war. • After the war, many found they could not return to their hometowns. – Hostility against Japanese Americans remained high across the West – Many towns displayed signs demanding that the evacuees never return.

Drawing Connections • Read the article about Kristallnacht • What similarities/differences exist between the events surrounding Kristallnacht and the Japanese Internment? – What preceded each event? – What was the result of each? • Watch Fox New Clip on Profiling – What connections can we draw between what’s being called for in the clip and the Japanese Internment? – Are these actions justified? Are (were) they necessary? Do they conflict w/ our democratic principles? – Eric Bolling Calls for Profiling against Muslims in America