ION EXCHANGE RESIN ROIX Technical Service TEL 032

ION EXCHANGE RESIN 로익스 ROIX Technical Service TEL) 032 -589 -3141 FAX) 032 -589 -3144

1 -1. 이온교환 수지의 정의 3차원 구조의 모체(Matrix)에 이온교환반응기(Functional Group)를 결합시켜 극성 및 비극성 용액중의 이온물질을 가역적으로 교환 할 수 있는 불용성 합성수지 +- +- + Fixed negatively charged exchange site; i. e. , SO 3 - Mobile positively charged exchangeable cation; i. e. , Na+ Polystyrene chain Divinylbenzene link cross- Water of hydration +- ++++- +- +- + + + -+ -+ +- +- - -+ -+ -+ - +

1 -8. Products 1 - IER • Resin Materials – Ion Exchange Resins • Dowex(R) Gaussian Resins (HCR-S, SAR, SBR-P) • Dowex(R) UPS (Uniform) Resins – Marathon(R) Monospere(R) – Adsorbent Resins • Dowex(R) Optipore(R) Resins • Technology License – UPCORE(R) Counter Current

UPCORE Overview UPflow COunter-current REgeneration

3. 이온 교환 수지의 수명 1. 기계적 충격(Mechanical Stress) A. 설비의 종류 a> 병류식 ( Co-flow ) b> 향류식 ( Reverse-flow ) c> 연속식 ( Continuous ) d> 유동식 ( Fluidized ) e> Resin Transfer B. 부유물질 ( Suspended Solids) C. 통수속도 ( Specific Flow Rate) 2. 삼투압 충격 ( Osmotic Stress ) 3. 화학적 충격 ( Chemical Stress) A. 산화 반응 ( Oxidation ) B. 화학적 오염 ( Fouling ) 4. 열화 (Temperature Stress)

물리적 안정성( 기계적 / 삼투압) 3 -1. 기계적 충격( Mechanical Stress ) = 외부 압력 3 -2. 삼투압 충격 ( Osmotic Stress ) = 내부 압력 a> 이온의 농도 / 이온의 형태에 영향을 받음 a> 이온의 농도 / 이온의 량 / 이온의 형태에 ◈삼투압 충격 >>>>기계적 충격 (10~100 배) Operating Conditions Circulation Flow Rate Circulation Time Resin Slurry Resin Volume DI Water : 2, 000 ml/min : 9 min : 500 ml Circulating Pump

삼투압 충격 조사방법 DI water 2 N Na. OH 2 N HCl Operating Conditions SV Column BV/hour (f 10 x H 100) Cycle 2 N Na. OH DI Water 2 N HCl DI Water Number of cycle Resin Volume UPS Gel Cation Resin Gaussian Gel Cation Resin UPS Gel Anion Resin Gaussian Gel Anion Resin : 60 : 10 BV : 50 : 3 ml

C. DEALKALIZATION & SOFTENING WITH SODIUM CYCLE NEUTRALIZATION 원수(Influent) SAC or WAC Na+ H+ Deaerator 처리수(Effluent) 적용>> ⊙ High Hardness, Sulfate, Chloride의 원수. ⊙ “Zero”수준의 경도 / 대부분의 알카리도를 제거하려 할 때

D. DEALKALIZATION & SOFTENING WITH INFLUENT NEUTRALIZATION 원수(Influent) SAC or WAC H+ Deaerator 처리수(Effluent) 적용>> ⊙ For High Alkalinity, Low Hardness ⊙ Alkalinity는 거의 제거해야되지만 경도는 일부 제거할때.

E. DEALKALIZATION & SOFTENING WITH STRATIFIED CATION RESIN 원수(Influent) WAC(H+) SAC(Na+) Deaerator 처리수(Effluent) 적용>> ⊙ For High Hardness , Alkalinity ⊙ “Zero”수준의 Hardness, Alkalinity를 제거하려 할 때

F. DEALKALIZATION WITH COMPLETE SOFTENING 원수(Influent) SAC SBA Na+ Cl- 처리수(Effluent) 적용>> ⊙ For High Hardness , Low Bicarbonate Alkalinity ⊙ “Zero”수준의 Hardness, ”Almost Zero” Alkalinity를 제거하려 할때

G. 2 B 2 T or 2 B 3 T DI SYSTEM 원수(Influent) SAC H+ SBA Deaerator OH- 처리수(Effluent) 적용>> ⊙ 일반적 D. I 시스템

H. 3 B 3 T or 3 B 4 T DI SYSTEM 원수(Influent) 적용>> ⊙ 高 Alkalinity WAC SAC H+ H+ SBA Deaeator OH- 처리수(Effluent) 원수(Influent) 적용>> ⊙ 원수중 高 유기물 과 高 FMA SAC H+ Deaeator WBA SBA Free Base OH-

I. 4 B or 4 B 5 T DI SYSTEM 원수(Influent) WAC SAC H+ H+ Deaeator WBA SBA Free Base OH- 처리수(Effluent) 원수(Influent) 적용>> ⊙ 원수중 高 TDS, 高 Alkalinity, 高 Organic Matter를 처리하려 할 때 SAC H+ WBA Deaeator Free Base 처리수(Effluent)

이온교환수지의 종류 (Summary of the kinds of ion exchange resins)

이온교환수지를 이용한 수처리설비의 종류 (Combination of ion exchange systems for water treatment)

6. Raw Water Analysis Ca 2+ : 40 ppm as Ca. CO 3 Mg 2+ : 20 ppm as Ca. CO 3 Na+ : X ppm as Ca. CO 3 HCO 3 - : 30 ppm as Ca. CO 3 Cl - : 40 ppm as Ca. CO 3 SO 42 - : 30 ppm as Ca. CO 3 Si. O 2 : 15 ppm as Si. O 2 Conductivity : 200 us/cm • T. C. =T. A. = Conductivity x (0. 45 0. 55)

수질 확인 방법 • 2 B 3 T(2床3塔) • 2 B 2 T(2床2塔) M-Alkali도 + 용존 CO 2 = 20 ppm as Ca. CO 3 이하 CO 2 Ca T. C. 2+ Mg 2+ Na + HCO 3 SO 42 Cl - Ca T. A. T. E. A. Si. O 2 T. C. = T. A. = T. D. S. 2+ Mg 2+ Na + HCO 3 SO 42 Cl - Si. O 2 T. E. A.

수질 확인 방법 (Example) ♣ T. C = T. A (HCO 3 -+Cl-+SO 42 -) = (30+40+30) ppm as Ca. CO 3 = 100 ppm as Ca. CO 3 T. C = Conductivity X ( 0. 4 ~ 0. 6 ) = 200 X 0. 5 =100 ppm as Ca. CO 3 Na + : 40 ppm as Ca. CO 3 로 추정 ♣ CO 2 : (ppm as Ca. CO 3)는 ? HCO -(ppm ac Ca. CO -) 3 3 p. H 7 = 6. 31 + log CO 2 ( ppm as CO 2) CO 2 (ppm as CO 2 ) = 6 ppm as CO 2 (ppm as Ca. CO 3) = 6 X 50/44 = 6. 8 ppm as Ca. CO 3 ♣ T. E. A. =( CO 2 + HCO 3 - + Cl-+ SO 42 -+Si. O 2) = (6. 8+30+40+30+15 X 0. 84) = 119. 4 ppm as Ca. CO 3

as Ca. CO 3 단위 분자량 당량 환산식 Ca. CO 3당량 환산계 수 Na+ 23 23 50/23 2. 17 Ca 2+ 40 20 50/20 2. 5 Mg 2+ 24. 3 12. 1 50/12. 1 4. 13 Al 3+ 27 9 50/9 5. 55 Cl- 35. 5 50/35. 5 1. 40 HCO 3 - 61 61 50/60 0. 83 SO 4 - 96 48 50/48 1. 04 Si. O 2 60 30 50/30 1. 66

단위 환산법 ppm 당량 ppm Ca. CO 3 ∑ ions Na+ 757 2. 17 1, 642 Ca 2+ 250 2. 5 625 Mg 2+ 122 4. 13 503. 86 Cl- 930 1. 40 1, 302 HCO 3 - 915 0. 83 759. 5 SO 4 - 682 1. 04 709. 28 2, 770 Si. O 2 25 1. 66 50/30 41. 5 2, 770 1, 129 / 2, 527

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B. 균일계 수지의 장점 HIGHER OPERATION CAPACITY MORE THROUGHPUT BETTER REGENERANT UTILIZATION FASTER RINSE LESS WASTE WATER HIGHER BACKWASH EXPANSION LESS WATER USAGE

C. Definition of Uniformity Coefficient Volume (%) 비균일계 : 1. 6 균일계 : 1. 1 C 0 A 40% 50% B 90% Diameter (mm) A = Effective Size B = Volume Median Diameter C/A = Uniformity Coefficient

D. Chemical Stability Resistance against Oxidation Cl 2 - Na. OCl AGING WATER RETENTION CAPACITY (%) Conventional Resin 8% XL UPS 350 µm 10% XL DYNAMIC TEST 140°F

E. Typical Performance of Demineralizer Systems Two-Bed Co- Curr. Two-Bed Counter- Mixed Bed Two-Bed Plus Mixed Bed TDS, ppm 2. 0 - 3. 0 0. 2 - 1. 0 0. 2 - 0. 5 . 04 - 0. 10 Silica (as Si. O 2), ppm . 01 - 1. 0 . 01 -. 05 4 1 . 25 - 1. 0 . 07 -. 25 250, 000 1, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 15, 000 Conductivity, micromhos Specific Resistance

F. Selectivity ( Cation) Selectivity Coefficients of Various Cation (Compared with the Hydrogen Ion) on Sulfonated Polystyrene Cation-Exchange Resins of Different Crosslinkage Counter Ion H+ Na+ NH 4+ K+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Ba 2+ 4%DVB 1. 00 1. 20 1. 44 1. 72 2. 23 3. 14 5. 66 Degree of Cross-linking 8%DVB 10%DVB 1. 00 1. 56 2. 01 2. 28 2. 59 4. 06 9. 06 1. 00 1. 61 2. 15 2. 54 2. 62 4. 42 9. 42 16%DVB 1. 00 1. 62 2. 27 3. 06 2. 39 4. 95 14. 20

F. Selectivity ( Anion) Selectivity Coefficients of Various Anions (Compared with the Hydroxyl Ion) on Functionalized Styrene DVB Anion-Exchange Resins of Different Base Strength Ion Type 1 OHBenzene Sulfonate Phenate HSO 4 NO 3 Cl. HCO 3 HSi. O 3 - 1 500 110 85 65 22 6 <1 Type 2 1 75 27 15 8 2. 3 1. 2 <1

G. Diffusion Kinetics of Ion Exchange Effect of bead radius (r) A+ r Film diffusion (1/r) Important in service Boundary film Resin Bead Intraparticle diffusion (1/r 2) Important in regeneration H+ Bulk diffusion

H. Effect of Regenerant Temperature on Elution of Silica from DOWEX SBR-P 10 9 120°F Relative Elution 8 75°F 7 6 5 4 Regenerant Conditions: 3 Flow Rate: 1/4 gpm/ft 3 Concentration: 4% Na. OH 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Regenerant Level, lb Na. OH/ft 3 9 10

IX Troubleshooting Factors Effects Loss of Temperature Oxidation Fouling Physical Degradation Resin Capacity Physical Integrity Density Reaction Kinetics

I. RESIN ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS: SAC TVC DWC WRC CAUSE ACTIONS/COMMENTS SAC Oxidation Irreversible. Resins will weaken mechanically. Control P. Replace at about 60% WRC. SAC or a) fouling Clean. If it does not recover: irreversible. Replace at 30% TVC loss SAC b) loss of active groups (rare) Irreversible. Replace at 30% TVC loss. SAC Fouling plus oxidation Clean. If it does not recover: irreversible. Resin will weaken mechanically. Replace at 30% TVC loss, and /or at about 60% WRC.

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS: WBA TVC DWC WRC CAUSE WBA or a) WBA ? ? ? b) loss of active groups (normal aging) fouling organics ACTIONS/COMMENTS by Clean. If it does not recover: irreversible. Replace at 0. 8 eq/l TVC. Irreversible. Replace at 0. 8 eq/l TVC.