HEALTH SCIENCE 1 Reproductive System Female reproductive structures

HEALTH SCIENCE 1 Reproductive System

Female reproductive structures � Ovary (female gonad) Located in the pelvic cavity About the size of an almond primary sex organs of the female Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs � Ova Known as the female gamete or Graafian follicle Egg A single follicle matures every 28 days – an ovum matures inside – during the reproductive years Reproductive ability begins at puberty – when menarche occurs (first menstrual period) When the ovum is mature in the follicle, it is released (OVULATION) about 2 weeks before the menstrual period begins

Female Reproductive Structures �FALLOPIAN TUBES 4” long - not attached to ovaries Pregnancy that implants in tube – ECTOPIC PREGNANCY Smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into the uterus

Female Reproductive Structures �Uterus Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ Lies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum �Fundus Bulging upper part of the uterus �Body The body is the middle portion �Cervix The narrow portion that extends into the vagina

Female Reproductive Structures Uterus �Perimetrium �Myometrium �Endometrium

Female Reproductive Structures �Cervix The cervix is the lower end of the uterus Located at the top of the vagina Approximately one inch long

Female Reproductive Structures �Vagina Smooth muscle with a mucous membrane lining Approximately 10 centimeters long Also known as the birth canal �Hymen External opening of the vagina may be covered by a perforated membrane

Female Reproductive Structures �External genitalia Vulva � External organs of reproduction Labia � Folds of skin that surround the vagina � Labia majora � Labia minora Clitoris � Erectile tissue Perineum � Area between the vagina and rectum

Female Reproductive Structures �Mammary Glands Breast Accessory organs AREOLA – darkened area that surrounds the nipple Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk following childbirth

Male Reproductive Structures �Scrotum Sac of skin that contains the testes �Testes produce male gametes (SPERMATOZOA) and male sex hormone Size of a small egg

Male Reproductive Structures �Seminiferous tubules Each testis contains 1 -4 minute, convoluted tubules Where sperm develops �Epididymis Coiled duct on the posterior and lateral part of the testes Where sperm is stored

Male Reproductive Structures �VAS DEFERENS Runs from epididymis to ejaculatory duct SEMINAL VESICLES connect to vas deferens, secretions nourish sperm EJACULATORY DUCT – connect vas deferens with urethra �Urethra Connects to reproductive system of ducts Passage way for urine and sperm �PROSTATE GLAND Surrounds beginning of urethra size and shape of a chestnut Secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility

Male Reproductive Structures �BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS Located on either side of prostate below prostate Add alkaline secretion to semen that helps sperm live longer �PENIS Contains erectile tissue Foreskin removed during CIRCUMCISION

Male Reproductive Structures �Prepuce End of penis covered by loose fitting skin – FORESKIN Foreskin removed during CIRCUMCISION �ERECTION AND EJACULATION Urethra has dual role – excretion of urine and to expel semen Erection caused when erectile tissue fills with blood Ejaculation expels semen IMPOTENCE – unable to copulate

Functions of the Reproductive System �Hormones Estrogen Progesterone �Ovulation At day 14 in the menstrual cycle, the follicle ruptures and the ovum is released �Pregnancy Gestation �Menopause Monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end Approximately age 50 Symptoms include: � hot flashes � dizziness and headaches � emotional changes

Functions of the Reproductive System �Menstruation Occurs every 28 days Divided into 4 stages � Follicle stage – FSH to ovary, stimulates follicle with egg to mature releases estrogen and prepares uterine lining, lasts 10 days � Ovulation stage FSH stops and releases LH, 14 th day – follicle ruptures and mature ovum released � Corpus luteum stage –secretes progesterone. If fertilized, corpus luteum continues secrete progesterone, which prevents further ovulation and maintains uterine lining, lasts 14 days � Menstruation stage – If no embryo, corpus luteum dissolves progesterone decreases and uterine lining breaks down and is discharged, 3 -6 days

Functions of the Reproductive System �FERTILIZATION During sexual intercourse sperm enter female reproductive tract and live or a day or two Approximately 100 million sperm in 1 cc of semen – if count less than 20 million, man is sterile Eventually, one sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum True fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the ovum nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell – ZYGOTE It divides, and those cells divide, and so on Zygote continues to divide as it travels down fallopian tube and is implanted in wall of uterus. At 7 days, the zygote becomes an embryo At 3 months, it becomes a fetus http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=BFr. Vm. Dgh 4 v 4

Functions of the Reproductive System �Normal pregnancy = 40 weeks or 280 days Also divided into 3 trimesters (3 month periods) �QUICKENING = first recognizable movement of fetus between 4 th and 5 th month �MISCARRIAGE = Spontaneous Abortion

Disorders of the Reproductive System �Cervical Cancer Detected by a PAP SMEAR (PAPANICOLAOU) sample of cell scrapings taken for microscopic study Should be done annually Rx – early detection, hysterectomy, chemotherapy and radiation Linked to HPV, vaccine �ENDOMETRIOSIS Endometrial tissue found outside the uterus Abnormal patches of the uterine lining Results in internal bleeding, inflammation of surrounding areas and formation of scar tissue, dysmenorrhea, infertility, heavy or irregular bleeding Cause – unknown

Disorders of the Reproductive System �TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME Bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus Symps – fever, rash, hypotension Cause – use of tampons Rx – antibiotics �Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Spread of STI to upper reproductive system pelvis and abdominal pain, heavy vaginal discharge, Irregular bleeding, low back pain, fever, fatigue, diarrhea or vomiting Rx- antibiotics

Disorders of the Reproductive System � Yeast infection vaginal irritation, intense itchiness and vaginal discharge Cx- fungus candida Risk factors- uncontrolled Diabetes, antibiotics, intercourse, high estrogen Rx- vaginal cream or pill � Menstrual Disorders Amenorrhea-absence of menstruation Dysmenorrhea- pain with menstruation � Primary is cramps � Secondary is r/t some disorder Menorrhagia- bleeding is abnormally heavy or prolonged Premenstrual Syndromevariety of symp: mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression

Disorders of the Reproductive System �Breast Cancer cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts s/s-breast lump or thickening, redness or pitting of the skin, change in the size or shape, Inverted nipple Rx- chemo, radiation, surgery Runs in families �Mastitis infection of the breast tissue s/s- breast pain, swelling, warmth and redness Cx- blocked milk duct, Bacteria Rx- antibiotics

Disorders of the Reproductive System �Epididymitis bacterial infection from the urethra, prostate, or the bladder Cx- STI’s, uncircumcised Rx- antibiotics �Erectile dysfunction trouble getting or keeping an erection Cx- physical and psychological issues (DM, HTN, CAD) Rx- medications, testosterone replacement

Disorders of the Reproductive System � Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Enlarged prostate More than half of men in their 60’sand 90% of men in their 70’shave some symptoms Prostate enlarges but capsule does not, causing prostate to clamp down on urethra. This causes the bladder to become irritable, causing urinary frequency Diagnosis by rectal exam, ultrasound, and cystoscopy Rx – usually prostatectomy – laser surgery, sometimes no Rx � Prostate Cancer S/S- Trouble urinating, blood in urine/semen, decrease force of stream Risk factors- older, black heritage, family history, obesity Rx- watchful waiting, radiation, hormone therapy, surgery, chemo

Disorders of the Reproductive System �Testicular Cancer s/s- lump in scrotum, heaviness, pain in testicles, sudden fluid Rx-removal of testicles, radiation, chemo Risk factors- undescended testicle, abnormal development, family history, age (15 -34), race (white) �Epididymitis inflammation of the epididymis caused by the spread of a bacterial infection from the urethra, prostate, or the bladder s/s- blood in semen, discharge, painful urination/ejaculation, Rx- antibiotics

Disorders of the Reproductive System �Erectile Dysfunction Impotence, man has trouble getting or keeping an erection s/s- trouble getting or keeping an erection, decreased sexual desire Cx- medications, tobacco, obese, mental illness, bicycling Rx- medication, diet changes, hormone replacement

Disorders of the Reproductive System �Contraception Methods of preventing pregnancy and in some instances, some degree of protection against STDs. Method Effectiveness Abstinence 100% Sterilization 100% Birth Control pills 95 -99% IUD 93 -99% Diaphragm 90 -99% Condom 85 -97% Spermacides, Douching, Withdrawl and Rhythm ? ? ? -85% �Sterilization Male – VASECTOMY (Vas Deferens) Female – TUBAL LIGATION (Fallopian Tube)

Pregnancy �Terms to remember: Embryo � Fetus � 1 -8 weeks 9 -40 weeks Newborn � At birth

Pregnancy continued � 6 -8 weeks � 17 -19 weeks � 12 -14 weeks � 5 -6 months

STI/STD �Chlamydia most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States Caused by a bacterium 1 in 15 sexually active females aged 14 -19 years has chlamydia. s/s- silent’ infection because most infected people have no symptom, pain or discharge from vagina or penis Rx-antibiotics

STI �Gonorrhea caused by a bacterium highest reported rates of infection are among sexually active teenagers, young adults, and African Americans s/s-may have no symptoms, men have white, yellow, or green discharge women usually have no or very mild symptoms RX- Antibiotics, complete all medication due to antibiotic resistant gonorrhea

STI �Syphilis caused by bacterium Takes 10 -90 days for symptoms to appear s/s- primary= sore or sores, secondary= Skin rashes and/or sores in the mouth, vagina, or anus, latent= difficulty coordinating muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness, and dementia Rx- antibiotics and f/u bloodwork

STI �Trichomoniasis caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis s/s- 70% no signs, itching or irritation inside the penis, burning after urination or ejaculation, or some discharge from the penis, itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals, discomfort with urination, or a thin discharge with an unusual smell that can be clear, white, yellowish, or greenish Rx- antibiotics

STI �Genital Warts Caused by HPV most common STI can appear within weeks or months after sexual contact with an infected partner not the same as the types of HPV that can cause cancers. rx=- wait and see or remove warts No cure

STI �Herpes Caused by virus s/s- one or more blisters on or around the genitals, rectum or mouth. no treatment that can cure herpes