Reproductive System Chapter 16 Male Reproduction anatomy sperm

Reproductive System Chapter 16 Male Reproduction anatomy sperm Female Reproduction anatomy ovarian cycle menstrual cycle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Male Reproductive System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16. 1

Male Reproductive Organs and Glands Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16. 1

Male Reproductive System: Produces and Delivers Sperm § Testes produce sperm § Site: seminiferous tubules § Reproductive tubules: epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, penis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Male Reproductive System: Accessory Glands § Seminal vesicles § Secrete fructose, seminal fluid § Prostate gland § Secretes watery alkaline fluid § Bulbourethral gland § Secretes lubricating mucus § Cleanses urethra Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sperm Production § Several cell divisions of mitosis and meiosis § Purpose § Produce a large number of sperm with half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells (haploid) § Sequence § Primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatids, sperm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Blood Testosterone Concentration and Sperm Production Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16. 3

Regulation of Male Reproductive Activity § Hormones § Testosterone § Source: Leydig cells in seminiferous tubules § Function: controls growth and function of male reproductive tissues, stimulates aggression and sexual behavior, and secondary sexual characteristics Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Regulation of Male Reproductive Activity § Hormones (continued) § Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (Gn. RH) § LH stimulates production of testosterone § FSH may enhance sperm formation with Sertoli cells § Inhibin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Female Reproductive System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16. 4 a

Female Reproductive System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16. 2

Female Reproductive System: Produces Eggs and Supports Pregnancy § Ovaries § Release oocytes and secrete the hormones estrogen and progesterone § Oviduct (fallopian tube) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Female Reproductive System: Produces Eggs and Supports Pregnancy (cont. ) § Uterus: the hollow, pear-shaped organ where fertilized egg grows and develops § Layers § Endometrium: supports fertilized egg, part of it sloughs off during menstrual flow § Myometrium: smooth muscle, expands during pregnancy, constricts during labor § Cervix: the narrow opening in the lower part of the uterus that permits sperm to enter the uterus and allows the fetus to exit during birth Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ovarian Cycle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16. 6

Menstrual Cycle: Uterine Cycle § Uterine cycle prepares uterus for pregnancy § Menstrual phase § Days 1– 5 § Estrogen and progesterone decrease § Endometrial lining degenerates § Menstruation occurs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Menstrual Cycle: Uterine Cycle § Uterine cycle prepares uterus for pregnancy (cont. ) § Proliferative phase § Days 6– 14 § Estrogen and progesterone increase § Endometrial lining proliferates § Ovulation § Day 14 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Menstrual Cycle: Uterine Cycle § Uterine cycle prepares uterus for pregnancy (cont. ) § Secretory phase § Days 15– 28 § Corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen § Endometrium continues to proliferate § Uterine glands mature Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Menstrual Cycle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16. 7

Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16. 8

Regulation of Menstrual Cycle § Cycles of hormones of pituitary and reproductive structures § Positive feedback § In proliferative phase, increasing estrogen causes surge in LH § Negative feedback § In secretory phase, steady levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH release Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Contraceptive Methods: Failure Rates Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16. 3

Birth Control Methods § Abstinence § Surgical sterilization: vasectomy, tubal ligation § Hormonal methods: pills, injections, patches, rings § IUDs: small plastic or metal piece inserted into uterus § Diaphragms and cervical caps: block the cervix § Chemical spermicides: kill sperm cells PLAY Animation—Ovulation & Hormonal Birth Control Methods Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Birth Control Methods (cont. ) § Condoms: trap ejaculated sperm § Natural alternatives: rhythm method, withdrawal § Morning-after pills: prevent pregnancy from continuing § Abortion: terminate pregnancy § The future: male birth control pill; vaccines for women Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Infertility: Inability to Conceive § Many causes of infertility § Number and quality of sperm § Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) § Endometriosis § Miscarriage Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Infertility: Inability to Conceive § Enhancing fertility § Artificial insemination § In vitro fertilization § GIFT § ZIFT § Fertility-enhancing drugs § Surrogate mothers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Worldwide Problem § Bacterial § Gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia § Viral § HIV, hepatitis B, genital herpes, HPV § Other § Yeasts (Candida), protozoan (Trichomonas), arthropod (pubic lice) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Worldwide Problem § Prevention strategies § Choose partner wisely § Communicate § Use suitable barriers § Get tested and treated § Get vaccinated Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.