Chapter 1 Lecture Conceptual Integrated Science Second Edition

Chapter 1 Lecture Conceptual Integrated Science Second Edition About Science © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

This lecture will help you understand: • • • A Brief History of Advances in Science Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool The Scientific Hypothesis The Scientific Experiment Facts, Theories, and Laws Science Has Limitations Science, Art, and Religion Technology—The Practical Use of Science The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy • Integrated Science © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Brief History of Advances in Science • The beginnings of science go back thousands of years to a cause-and-effect way of looking at the world. – What events cause what results – Rational thinking © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Brief History of Advances in Science • Forward steps in the history of science, as highlighted in the text, occurred in – Greece – Italy – China – Polynesia – Arab nations – Poland – Germany … and many other parts of the world. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Brief History of Advances in Science • During the Dark Ages in Europe, – Fall of Roman Empire – Nomads destroyed scientific advancements – Previous scientific knowledge was lost as religion became established. • During the 10 th through 12 th centuries, – Islamic people brought books into Spain that had been banned by the church. – universities emerged. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Brief History of Advances in Science • Advances during the 15 th – 17 th century: – Invention of Gutenberg's printing press – Experiments of Galileo • The Earth is not the center of the universe – Arrival of the Renaissance period, which provided a foothold for the advance of science and rational thinking © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science • Mathematics – is an important tool in science. – makes use of equations, which are shorthand notations for the relationships between scientific concepts. – abbreviates a relationship that can be stated in words. – makes common sense. – uses equations to guide your thinking. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science • Example: – Concept—When you stretch a spring, your pull is proportional to the stretch. – Proportion—expressed as F ~ , where F is your pulling force, and x is the distance the spring stretches • Proportions and equations tell you: – If one thing changes a certain way, another will change correspondingly. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool • Scientific method – Outlined in Section 1. 3—NOT to be memorized – One of the ways good science is performed • More important than a particular method is: – Attitude of inquiry – Experimentation – Willingness to accept findings, even those that are not desired © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Scientific Method • Observe – The physical world around you • Question – Recognize a question or problem • Hypothesize – Answer your question • Predict – What will happen if the hypothesis is correct • Test Predictions – Do an experiment • Draw a conclusion – Was your hypothesis correct and why? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Scientific Hypothesis • Principle of falsifiability: – For a hypothesis to be considered scientific, it must be testable—it must, in principle, be capable of being proved wrong. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Which of these statements is a scientific hypothesis? A. B. C. D. The Moon is made of green cheese. Atomic nuclei are the smallest particles in nature. A magnet will pick up a copper penny. Cosmic rays cannot penetrate thickness of your Conceptual Integrated Science textbook. Explain your answer to your neighbor. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Which of these statements is not a scientific hypothesis? A. Protons carry an electric charge. B. Undetectable particles are some of nature's secrets. C. Charged particles will bend when moving in a magnetic field. D. All are scientific hypotheses. Explain your answer to your neighbor. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Scientific Experiment • Rather than philosophize about nature, Galileo went an important step further—he experimented! • "The test of all knowledge is experiment. Experiment is the sole judge of scientific truth. " Richard Feynman • "No number of experiments can prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong. " Albert Einstein © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facts, Theories, and Laws • Fact: a phenomenon about which competent observers can agree • Theory: a synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world • Law: a general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted—also known as a principle © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Which of these often changes over time with further study? A. B. C. D. Facts Theories Both facts and theories Neither facts nor theories Explain your answer to your neighbor. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR A person who says "That's only a theory" likely doesn't know that a scientific theory is a A. B. C. D. guess. number of facts. hypothesis of sorts. vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and fact Explain your answer to your neighbor. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Science Has Limitations • The domain of science – is in natural phenomena. • The observable natural world. – does not deal with the "supernatural” • a domain "above science. ” • Philosophical or spiritual question • Claims to supernatural phenomena, true or otherwise, lie outside the domain of science – Ex - Astrology © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Science Has Limitations CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR A major difference between pseudoscience and science is that pseudoscience A. B. C. D. makes no predictions. doesn't use scientific terminology. has no tests for wrongness. all of the above Explain your answer to your neighbor. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Science, Art, and Religion • Science asks how. • Religion asks why. • Art bridges the two. • When science and religion address their respective domains, conflict between the two is minimized or absent. • Both are motivated by curiosity about the natural world. • Like guitar strings they can work well together © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Technology—The Practical Use of Science • Technology – is an important tool of science. – is sometimes the fruit of science, as in medicine that cures disease. – is a human endeavor. – can be used to elevate or to diminish the human condition. • Shouldn't its potential be to elevate? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy • Natural philosophy – was at one time the study of unanswered questions about nature. – became science as answers were found. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy • Physics is the study of basic concepts, such as motion, force, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, electricity, and magnetism. • Chemistry builds on physics and studies how matter is put together to produce the growing list of materials and medicines that we use in our everyday lives. • Biology, built on chemistry, is the study of life—the most complex of the sciences. • Earth science is the study of geology, meteorology, and oceanography. • Astronomy is the study of nature beyond the confines of planet Earth' the far-out science. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Integrated Science • The fields of science – overlap. – merge into one another, such as biophysics, biochemistry, geophysics, astrophysics, and bioastrophysics. – are acknowledged to present a cohesive study of the natural world. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Integrated Science CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Although physics may be the most difficult science course in certain schools, when compared with the fields of chemistry, biology, Earth science, and astronomy, it is A. B. C. D. the simplest. still the hardest! the central science, in between chemistry and biology. simple enough, but only for especially intelligent people. Explain your answer to your neighbor. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Significant Digits are all the digits that occupy places for which actual measurement was made.

• Significant Digits Rules: – 1. Digits other than zero are always significant

• Significant Digits Rules: – 1. Digits other than zero are always significant – 2. One or more final zeros used after the decimal point are always significant

• 4. 72 km • 4. 7200 km • 82. 0 km 3 Sig. Figs. 5 Sig. Figs. 3 Sig. Figs.

• Significant Digits Rules: – 1. Digits other than zero are always significant – 2. One or more final zeros used after the decimal point are always significant – 3. Zeros between two other significant digits are always significant

• 5. 029 m • 306 m 4 Sig. Figs. 3 Sig. Figs.

• Significant Digits Rules: – 1. Digits other than zero are always significant – 2. One or more final zeros used after the decimal point are always significant – 3. Zeros between two other significant digits are always significant – 4. Zeros used solely for spacing the decimal point are not significant. They are placeholders only

• 7000 g • 0. 00783 1 Sig. Fig. 3 Sig. Fig.

Multiplication and division 32. 27 1. 54 = 49. 6958 3. 68 . 07925 = 46. 4353312 1. 750 . 0342000 = 0. 05985 3. 2650 106 4. 858 = 1. 586137 107 6. 022 1023 1. 661 10 -24 = 1. 000000

Addition and Subtraction Look for the last important digit. 56 __ +. 153 ___ =. 713 82000 + 5. 32 = 82005. 32 10. 0 - 9. 8742 =. 12580 10 – 9. 8742 =. 12580 __

Mixed Order of Operation 8. 52 + 4. 1586 18. 73 + 153. 2 = = 8. 52 + 77. 89 + 153. 2 = 239. 61 = (8. 52 + 4. 1586) (18. 73 + 153. 2) = = 12. 68 171. 9 = 2179. 692 =

Significant Figures To determine the number of significant figures in a number Let’s take a look a technique that will help us figure it out It’s called the ATLANTIC - PACIFIC RULE

Atlantic – Pacific Rule 1. Draw a map of the United States and label the 2 oceans … which are? ? ? PACIFIC � ATLANTIC

Atlantic – Pacific Rule 1. If a decimal point is Present in the number start counting from the Pacific side 2. If a decimal point is Absent in the number count from the Atlantic side 3. Begin counting all numbers from the first NON-ZERO digit - That number and all digits after it (including zeros) are SIGNIFICANT

Try the rule with these two numbers. How many Sig figs are there? 0. 06901 100, 300

Significant Figures Lastly, all COUNTING and DEFINED NUMBERS are treated as if they have an INFINITE no. of Sig Figs Ex: 2 pairs of gloves 7 Keys 2. 54 cm = 1 inch Counting (infinite sig fig) Counting Definition “ “

Atlantic – Pacific Rule Let’s try some examples. How many significant Figures are in the following numbers? 3456 4 sig figs 0. 040860 5 sig figs 3. 50001 6 sig figs 20000 1 sig fig 7 oranges Infinite sig figs

Atlantic – Pacific Rule Let’s try some more examples. How many sig figs Are there in the following pairs of numbers? 750 vs. 750. 2 vs 3 sig figs 1001 vs. 1000 4 vs. 1 sig figs 2. 07 vs. 2. 070 3 vs. 4 sig figs 0. 00572 vs 572 3 vs. 3 sig figs 1001. vs. 1000. 4 vs 4 sig figs

• Counting numbers are exact numbers and are not measurements!

• So they are considered to have an infinite number of significant digits – So you don’t use them when figuring out how many significant digits there are in an equation.

• So they are considered to have an infinite number of significant digits – So you don’t use them when figuring out how many significant digits there are in an equation. – Numbers in formulas are counting numbers • A= bh/2 • The 2 does not count as a significant digit

Mathematicians are Lazy!!! They decided that by using powers of 10, they can create short versions of long numbers.

How wide is our universe? 210, 000, 000, 000 miles (22 zeros) This number is written in decimal notation. When numbers get this large, it is easier to write them in scientific notation.

Scientific Notation • A number is expressed in scientific notation when it is in the form • a x 10 n • where a is between 1 and 10 • and n is an integer

210, 000, 000, 000 miles Where is the decimal point now? After the last zero. Where would you put the decimal to make this number be between 1 and 10? Between the 2 and the 1

2. 10, 000, 000, 000. How many decimal places did you move the decimal? 23 When the original number is more than 1, the exponent is positive. The answer in scientific notation is 2. 1 x 1023

1) Express 0. 0000000902 in scientific notation. Where would the decimal go to make the number be between 1 and 10? The decimal was moved how many places? When the original number is less than 1, the exponent is negative.

Write 28750. 9 in scientific notation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 2. 87509 x 10 -5 2. 87509 x 10 -4 2. 87509 x 105

2) Express 1. 8 x 10 -4 in decimal notation. 3) Express 4. 58 x 106 in decimal notation. On the graphing calculator, scientific notation is done with the button. 4. 58 x 106 is typed 4. 58 6

4) Use a calculator to evaluate: 4. 5 x 10 -5 1. 6 x 10 -2 • Type 4. 5 -5 1. 6 -2 • You must include parentheses if you don’t use those buttons!! • (4. 5 x 10 -5) (1. 6 x 10 -2) • 0. 0028125 • Write in scientific notation. •

5) Use a calculator to evaluate: 7. 2 x 10 -9 1. 2 x 102 On the calculator, the answer is: The answer in scientific notation is The answer in decimal notation is

6) Use a calculator to evaluate (0. 0042)(330, 000). On the calculator, the answer is The answer in decimal notation is The answer in scientific notation is

7) Use a calculator to evaluate (3, 600, 000)(23). On the calculator, the answer is: The answer in scientific notation is The answer in decimal notation is

Write (2. 8 x 103)(5. 1 x 10 -7) in scientific notation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 14. 28 x 10 -4 1. 428 x 10 -3 14. 28 x 1010 1. 428 x 1011

Write in PROPER scientific notation. (Notice the number is not between 1 and 10) 8) 234. 6 x 109 9) 0. 0642 x 104

Write 531. 42 x 105 in scientific notation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. . 53142 x 102 5. 3142 x 103 53. 142 x 104 531. 42 x 105 53. 142 x 106 5. 3142 x 107. 53142 x 108