HewittLyonsSuchockiYeh Conceptual Integrated Science Chapter 1 ABOUT SCIENCE

This lecture will help you understand: • • • A Brief History of Advances in Science Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool The Scientific Hypothesis The Scientific Experiment Facts, Theories, and Laws Science Has Limitations Science, Art, and Religion Technology—The Practical Use of Science The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy • Integrated Science Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

A Brief History of Advances in Science The beginnings of science go back thousands of years to a cause-and-effect way of looking at the world. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

A Brief History of Advances in Science Forward steps in the history of science, as highlighted in the text, occurred in • Greece • Italy • China • Polynesia • Arab Nation • Poland • Germany … and in many other parts of the world. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

A Brief History of Advances in Science During the Dark Ages in Europe, • previous scientific knowledge was lost as religion became established. During the 10 th through 12 th centuries, • Islamic people brought books into Spain that had been banned by the church • universities emerged Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

A Brief History of Advances in Science During the 15 th century, • invention of Gutenberg’s printing press • experiments of Galileo • arrival of Renaissance period that provided a foothold to the advance of science and rational thinking Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science Mathematics • Is an important tool in science • equations are shorthand notation for the relationships between scientific concepts • abbreviates a relationship that can be stated in words • makes common sense • equations can guide your thinking Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science Example: Concept—When you stretch a spring, your pull is proportional to the stretch. Proportion—expressed as F , where F is your pulling force, and x is the distance the spring stretches Proportions and equations tell you: If one thing changes a certain way, another will change correspondingly. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool Scientific Method • as outlined in section 1. 3—NOT to be memorized • one of the ways good science is performed More important than a particular method is • attitude of inquiry • experimentation • willingness to accept findings, even those not desired Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

The Scientific Hypothesis Principle of falsifiability For a hypothesis to be considered scientific, it must be testable—it must, in principle, be capable of being proved wrong. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Which of these is a scientific hypothesis? A. B. C. D. The Moon is made of green cheese. Atomic nuclei are the smallest particles in nature. A magnet will pick up a copper penny. Cosmic rays cannot penetrate thickness of your Conceptual Integrated Science textbook. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR ANSWER Which of these is a scientific hypothesis? A. B. C. D. The Moon is made of green cheese. Atomic nuclei are the smallest particles in nature. A magnet will pick up a copper penny. Cosmic rays cannot penetrate thickness of your Conceptual Integrated Science textbook. Explanation: All are scientific hypotheses! All choices not only have tests for proving wrongness, but they have been proved wrong. Nevertheless, they still pass the test of being a scientific hypothesis. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Which of these is not a scientific hypothesis? A. B. C. D. Protons carry an electric charge. Undetectable particles are some of nature’s secrets. Charged particles will bend when moving in a magnetic field. All of the above are scientific hypotheses. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR ANSWER Which of these is not a scientific hypothesis? A. B. C. D. Protons carry an electric charge. Undetectable particles are some of nature’s secrets. Charged particles will bend when moving in a magnetic field. All of the above are scientific hypotheses. Explanation: If protons didn’t carry electric charge, they wouldn’t be deflected when crossing a magnetic field. This would be a test for showing the hypothesis wrong. So both A and C are capable of being proved wrong, which makes them scientific. Statement B, however, has no test for wrongness. It is reasonable speculation —but not a scientific hypothesis. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

The Scientific Experiment Rather than philosophize about nature, Galileo went an important step further—he experimented! “The test of all knowledge is experiment. Experiment is the sole judge of scientific truth. ” Richard Feynman “No number of experiments can prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong. ” Albert Einstein Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Facts, Theories, and Laws Fact a phenomenon about which competent observers can agree Theory a synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world Law a general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted—also known as a principle Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Which of these often changes over time with further study? A. B. C. D. Facts. Theories. Both of the above. Neither of the above. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR ANSWER Which of these often changes over time with further study? A. B. C. D. Facts. Theories. Both of the above. Neither of the above. Explanation: Both can change. Is this a weakness or strength of science? For example, if everything a child holds true is unchanged when that child grows up, with years of study, even receiving advanced degrees, then either nothing was learned or the child was unusually gifted from the start—or was part of a closed system. As we learn new information, we refine our ideas. Likewise with the fields of science. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR A person who says, “that’s only a theory” likely doesn’t know that a scientific theory is a A. B. C. D. guess. number of facts. hypothesis of sorts. vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts. Copyright Cummings Copyright © © 2006 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as as Benjamin Pearson Addison-Wesley

Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR ANSWER A person who says, “that’s only a theory” likely doesn’t know that a scientific theory is a A. B. C. D. guess. number of facts. hypothesis of sorts. vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts. Explanation: Theory in everyday speech is vastly different than its use in science. A vast and verifiable body of knowledge isn’t only a theory; if it passes all its tests, it is elevated to that status! Newton’s theory of gravity, and Einstein’s theory of relativity, for example, are not idle hypotheses—both are supported by innumerable experiments. They are more than only theories. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Science Has Limitations Domain of science • is in natural phenomena • does not deal with the “supernatural, ” a domain “above science” Claims to supernatural phenomenon, true or otherwise, lie outside the domain of science. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Science Has Limitations CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR A major difference between pseudoscience and science is that pseudoscience A. B. C. D. makes no predictions. doesn’t use scientific terminology. has no tests for wrongness. all of the above. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Science Has Limitations CHECK YOUR ANSWER A major difference between pseudoscience and science is that pseudoscience A. B. C. D. makes no predictions. doesn’t use scientific terminology. has no tests for wrongness. all of the above. Explanation: Some forms of pseudoscience, often called “junk science, ” do make predictions, and many use scientific terminology to pose as science (magnetic healing, energy-producing machines that require no fuel, and so forth). Only science has tests for wrongness. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Science, Art, and Religion Science asks how Religion asks why Art bridges the two When science and religion address their respective domains, conflict between the two is minimized or absent. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Science, Art, and Religion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Between a pilot and a priest, who should fly a commercial jet airplane? Who should perform a marriage? (Although the questions are no-brainers, they have a point. ) A. B. C. D. The pilot should fly the plane and the priest conduct a marriage. The priest should fly the plane and the pilot conduct a marriage. The pilot should conduct both. The priest should conduct both. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Science, Art, and Religion CHECK YOUR ANSWER Between a pilot and a priest, who should fly a commercial jet airplane? Who should perform a marriage? (Although the questions are no-brainers, they have a point. ) A. B. C. D. The pilot should fly the plane and the priest conduct a marriage. The priest should fly the plane and the pilot conduct a marriage. The pilot should conduct both. The priest should conduct both. Explanation: The point of the questions is that the pilot and priest have nurtured different skills for different tasks, and each can do their thing well. Okay, one could argue that a pilot could adequately do both. But it would be a stretch to say a priest could do both, unless the priest was also a pilot. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Technology—The Practical Use of Science Technology • an important tool of science • sometimes the fruit of science, as in medicine that cures disease • a human endeavor • can be used to elevate or to diminish the human condition Shouldn’t its potential be to elevate? Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy Natural philosophy • was at one time the study of unanswered questions about nature • became science as answers were found Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy • Physics is the study of basic concepts such as motion, force, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, electricity, and magnetism. • Chemistry builds on physics and studies how matter is put together to produce the growing list of materials and medicines we use in our everyday lives. • Biology, built on chemistry, is the study of life—the most complex of the sciences. • Earth science is the study of geology, meteorology, and oceanography. • Astronomy is the study of nature beyond the confines of Planet Earth‚ the far-out science. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Integrated Science—fields of science • overlap • merge into one another, such as biophysics, biochemistry, geophysics, astrophysics, bioastrophysics • acknowledged to present a cohesive study of the natural world Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Integrated Science CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Although physics may be the most difficult science course in certain schools, when compared with the fields of chemistry, biology, Earth science, and astronomy, it is A. B. C. D. the simplest. still the hardest! the central science, in between chemistry and biology. simple enough, but only for especially intelligent people. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Integrated Science CHECK YOUR ANSWER Although physics may be the most difficult science course in certain schools, when compared with the fields of chemistry, biology, Earth science, and astronomy, it is A. B. C. D. the simplest. still the hardest! the central science, in between chemistry and biology. simple enough, but only for especially intelligent people. Explanation: Just compare the list of terms in the physics chapters of this book with the lists in chapters beyond physics chapters. Which lists are shortest? Chemistry and especially biology are enormously more complex than physics. Physics is much more understood than the other fields—which is why this book begins with physics—a foundation for chemistry, biology, Earth science, and astronomy. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley