LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 1 Origins The First

LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 1 Origins: The First Civilizations ca. 25, 000– 330 B. C. E.

Prehistory 2 Prehistory Human development before written records Paleolithic Culture Landmark: making of tools and weapons Hunter-gathers; use of fire by end of Ice Age Burial of dead Cave paintings Lascaux caves Naturalism Purpose and function debated © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Prehistory 3 Mesolithic and Neolithic Cultures Mesolithic Plant and animal domestication Neolithic Farming and food production Nomadic to sedentary lifestyle Villages with mud- and limestone-faced huts Polished bone and stone tools Earth Mother goddess Concern with earth’s fertility; seasonal cycle Cycladic figure © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Prehistory 4 Ceremonial centers and burial sites Megaliths/dolmen Post-and-lintel construction Göbekli Tepe, Turkey Stonehenge Celestial observatory Site for funerary rituals Excavations at Durrington Walls © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Prehistory 5 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Prehistory 6 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Birth of Civilization 7 The Birth of Civilization Shift from rural to urban culture From Counting to Writing Clay evolved from counting balls Pictographs Cuneiform © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Birth of Civilization 8 Metallurgy: The Bronze Age Metal began to replace stone and bone Gave greater control over nature Travel and trade essential to Bronze Age culture Bronze-casting spread from Mesopotamia throughout ancient world Chinese master metallurgists © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Birth of Civilization 9 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Birth of Civilization 10 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mesopotamia 11 “Land Between the Rivers” Mesopotamia: the Fertile Crescent formed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers Sumer, earliest civilization Pattern of conquering and invasion Sargon of Akkad © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mesopotamia 12 Myths, Gods, and Goddesses Intimate association with nature; animism Myths part of ritual fabric of everyday life Polytheism linked to nature and its forces Cosmology of chaos and conflict The Babylonian Creation Mesopotamia’s Ziggurats Massive terraced towers made of rubble and brick Spiritual center of city-state; shrine and temple Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mesopotamia 13 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mesopotamia 14 Gilgamesh: The First Epic of Gilgamesh: world’s first literary epic Recited orally; written down centuries later First literary work to come to terms with death, or nonbeing Reflects human need for immortality ideology © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mesopotamia 15 Babylon: Hammurabi’s Law Code Codified existing legal practices in an effort to unify territories of Babylonian empire Most extensive set of laws to survive antiquity Secular, but bore force of divine decree Written law landmark in advance of human rights Storehouse of information regarding class divisions, family relations, human rights Women considered inferior, but enjoyed considerable legal protections © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mesopotamia 16 Iron Technology Iron introduced to Asia Minor by Hittites Cheaper to produce, more durable than bronze Transformed ancient world Landmarks of the Iron Age Iron technology encouraged rise of empires Assyrians, Chaldeans, Persians all conquered Mesopotamia Imperialism © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mesopotamia 17 Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon “Tower of Babel” Ishtar Gate Earliest round arch on a colossal scale Cultural innovations of small states Phoenicians: non-pictographic alphabet Lydians: minting of coins Hebrews: ethical monotheism © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mesopotamia 18 The Persian Empire Largest Mesopotamian empire Efficient administrators and powerful monarchs First multicultural civilization Persepolis Vast network of roads Monotheistic religion Zoroastrianism © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa: Ancient Egypt 19 Africa: Ancient Egypt Polytheistic civilization Deeply influenced by the Nile River Osiris Sun god held place of honor Amon, Re (Ra), or Aten Resurrection central to belief system Book of the Dead © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa: Ancient Egypt 20 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa: Ancient Egypt 21 Theocracy and the Cult of the Dead Believed pharaoh was living representative of sun god Burial rituals Gizeh Pyramids Great Sphinx Valley of the Kings Tutankhamen (one of few graves to escape vandalism) © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa: Ancient Egypt 22 Akhenaten’s Reform Monotheistic reform: elevated Aten to supremacy among gods Built new palace at Tell el-Amarna “Hymn to the Aten” Nefertiti Egyptian Women Enjoyed economic privileges, civil rights Land passed through female line Encouraged brother-sister marriages © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa: Ancient Egypt 23 Egyptian Art Most comes from tombs and graves Style mirrors order, societal hierarchy Both perceptual and conceptual Hunting scene from tomb of Neb-amon at Thebes Monumental Balance sculpture between realism/stylization © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa: Ancient Egypt 24 New Kingdom Temples Plan mirrored central features of Egyptian cosmos Pylons symbolized mountains, served as gateway Open courtyard progresses through hypostyle hall and into inner sanctuary (voyage from light to dark) Great Temple of Amon-Ra, Karnak Not used for communal assembly; commoners forbidden to enter Priests performed daily rituals of cosmic renewal © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa: Ancient Egypt 25 Literature and Music “Wisdom literature” Satire of Trades Lyric poetry Song and poetry interchangeable Musical instruments found buried with dead No certain knowledge of how music sounded Visual representations show music played important role in both religious and secular life Egyptian women important in music-making © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Africa: Western Sudan 27 The Nok Terracottas Nok, western Sudan Terracotta sculptures Earliest known three-dimensional artworks of sub-Saharan Africa First evidence of realistic portraiture in African art © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Americas 28 The Americas Early American civilizations formed mosaic of migrant cultures Caral, Peru Pyramids; evidence of urban community Birthplace of “New World” civilization? Olmec (“rubber people”) Elite cadre of priests oversaw spiritual life of the community Colossal stone heads; monumental pyramids; ceremonial centers © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Ancient India 29 Indus Valley Civilization (ca. 2709– 1500 B. C. E. ) India’s earliest known civilization located in Sind Sophisticated Bronze Age culture flourished Mohenjo-daro; Harappa Planned communities Written language; sculptural tradition © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Ancient India 30 The Vedic Era (ca. 1500– 322 B. C. E. ) Sanskrit emerged Vedas Oldest devotional texts; blending of ancient traditions Information regarding astronomical phenomena Mahabharata (Great Deeds of the Bharata Clan) Ramayana (Song of Prince Rama) Caste system introduced Priests and scholars; rulers and warriors; artisans and merchants; unskilled workers Subdivided by occupations; “Untouchables” © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Ancient India 31 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Ancient India 32 Hindu Pantheism: Basic belief that divinity inheres in all things to Hindu view that universe is sacred Upanishads Enlightenment through meditation Brahman; Atman Nirvana: reunion of Brahman and Atman Dharma (right conduct) Law of Karma Reincarnation, Bhagavad-Gita Wheel of Rebirth, nirvana (Song of God) © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Ancient China 33 The Shang Dynasty (ca. 1520– 1027 B. C. E. ) Rulers were considered intermediaries between people and spirit world Lord on High (Shang-di) The “dragon throne” The Aristocracy of Merit First system in which individuals selected for government on the basis of merit and education Written examinations tested competence, skill © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Ancient China 34 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Ancient China 35 The Mandate of Heaven Different from divine right; required obedience to pre-established moral law Spirits, Gods, and the Natural Order Chinese belief in an inviolable natural order Ancestor veneration Yin/yang Shang-di/Tian I jing (The Book of Changes) Qi: cosmic/human order a single sacred system © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Ancient China 36 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Ancient China 37 Daoism: The Philosophy of the Way Most profound expression of the natural order Requires simplicity, harmony with nature Dao de jing (The Way and Its Power) Influenced every aspect of Chinese culture © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.