CHAPTER 1 Introduction to EMS Systems Emergency Medical

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to EMS Systems Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topics • • • The EMS System The Emergency Medical Responder The Role of the Public Health System Disaster Assistance The Role of Research in EMS Advances in Technology Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

THE EMS SYSTEM Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • Timeline of formal system for responding to emergencies • American Civil War “corpsmen” trained to provide care for immediate life threats (bleeding). Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

(continued) EMS Timeline Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

(continued) EMS Timeline Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • Injured transported by horse-drawn carriage to waiting physician; first formal ambulance system in United States. • Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system: chain of human resources and services linked together to provide continuous emergency care. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early ambulance. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) components of EMS system – Regulation and policy – Resource management – Human resources and training – Transportation – Facilities – Communications (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • NHTSA components of EMS system (cont. ) – Public information and education – Medical direction – Trauma systems – Evaluation Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emergency Medical Dispatcher allocates resources. (© 2005 Scott Metcalfe LLC. All Rights Reserved) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

An EMS Emergency Responder assists the patient. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

EMTs continue treatment en route to the hospital. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The patient is transferred to the care of emergency department personnel. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • Scope of practice model: national model defining scope of care for all levels of EMS training. • National EMS education standards: education and training standards developed by NHTSA for all levels of EMS training. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Levels of EMS Training Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • Emergency Medical Responder (EMR): member of EMS system trained in first aid care who help EMTs at emergency scene. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • EMS Models – Fire-based: services and infrastructure operated by local fire department or consortium – Third-service: operated by non-fire government or privately owned ambulance services – Hospital-based: operated by large hospital or group of hospitals Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • Scope of Practice – Identifies duties and skills EMS provider is legally allowed to perform – Defined by state and/or regional statutes and regulations – Defines related licensing, credentialing, and certification Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • Activating the EMS System – EMS system must be activated – 911 call to emergency dispatcher who sends responders – Caller may need to dial seven-digit number for ambulance, fire, police, or rescue personnel (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • Activating the EMS System – Most desirable 911 service is enhanced 911 system – Enables communications center to automatically receive caller information (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • Activating the EMS System – 911 calls automatically directed to public safety answering point (PSAP) – Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMDs) receive special training and provide prearrival instructions to callers, helping initiate lifesaving care before EMS personnel arrive. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • Activating the EMS System – Resources dispatched (personnel, vehicles) – EMS personnel provide care at scene and during transport – Deliver patient to medical facility Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • In-Hospital Care System – Most patients taken to hospital emergency department – At ER personnel stabilize all immediate life threats. – Patient transferred to appropriate inhospital resources – Specialty hospital: special designation capable of providing specialized services § Trauma Center (services/surgery 24 hr/day) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • Medical Direction – EMS Medical Director: assumes responsibility for direction and oversight of all patient care. – EMRs act as designated agents of Medical Director – EMS provides standing orders in form of protocols; authorizes rescuers to perform skills in specific situations (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EMS System • Medical Direction – Off-line medical direction: behind-thescenes – On-line medical direction: orders from medical direction given by radio or phone – Scope of practice includes protocols and guidelines by local jurisdiction Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

THE EMERGENCY MEDICAL RESPONDER Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emergency Medical Responder • EMRs have completed an Emergency Medical Responder course. • EMRs are trained to: – Reach patients – Find out what is wrong – Provide emergency care – Move patients without causing further injury Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Emergency Medical Responders may work on rescue squads and transport units. (© Craig Jackson/In the Dark Photography) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

They may be firefighter volunteers. (© Craig Jackson/In the Dark Photography) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Emergency Medical Responders may be law enforcement personnel, including state troopers, ATF, DEA, and FBI agents. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Emergency Medical Responders are also rescue team specialists for specific disciplines, such as hazardous materials, confined space, swift water, ice, trench, high angle, cave, and urban rescues. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emergency Medical Responder • Roles and Responsibilities – Primary concern: personal safety – Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) § Disposable protective gloves § Barrier devices § Protective eye wear § Special face masks § Gowns or aprons Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emergency Medical Responder • Patient-related duties – Size-up scene: first concern, even before patient care – Determine patient's chief complaint – Lift, move, or reposition patient only when necessary – Transfer patient and patient information – Protect patient's privacy – Maintain confidentiality – Be patient's advocate (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

One of the duties of an Emergency Medical Responder is to safely gain access to the patient. (Photo by Nathan Eldridge) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Emergency Medical Responders lift or move patients when necessary without causing further injury. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emergency Medical Responder • Traits – Keep emergency care skills sharp and current. – Be willing to deal with people. – Respect others. – Acceptance of patient's rights. – Be honest and realistic. – Be tactful. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emergency Medical Responder • Traits (continued) – Learn how to care for patients while controlling emotional reactions. – Maintain focus on patient; avoid unnecessary distractions. – Admit stress to emergency scenes will affect you. – Keep uniform neat and clean. – Approach patient with respect. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Frequent training promotes a high standard of care for your patients. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emergency Medical Responder • Skills – Required to perform certain skills as part of EMR training – Vary from course to course – ***See pages 14 -15 Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emergency Medical Responder • Equipment, Tools, and Supplies – Specialized kits for trauma and medical emergencies and childbirth § Blood pressure cuff § Stethoscope § Oxygen-delivery systems § Suctioning equipment Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emergency Medical Responder • Continuous Quality Improvement – Continuous improvement in quality of product or service being delivered. – In EMS, that product is patient care. – Every component within a system can be improved. – Submit accurate, complete patient care reports. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Think About It • EMRs have received training and work in a variety of fields. • EMRs are key to providing initial care at the scene of an emergency. • EMRs are also responsible for personal safety, professional traits, and participation in continuous quality improvement (CQI). Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Role of the Public Health System • Ensure quality of life by: – Monitoring health of population – Providing health care – Educating community about disease and injury prevention – Advancing population-based health programs and policies Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

DISASTER ASSISTANCE Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disaster Assistance • Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT): specialized teams designed to provide medical care following disaster – Deployed on moment's notice if disaster strikes in United States Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Think About It • DMATs are important to lessening the devastation of a national disaster. • DMAT members are highly experienced and trained EMRs who integrate with local EMS systems. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN EMS Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Role of Research in EMS • Research is systematic investigation to establish facts. • Organizations gather and verify research that defines how EMS providers practice emergency care. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Advances in Technology • GPS installation in public safety vehicles (police cars, fire engines, ambulances) – Allows easy navigation to location of emergency, reducing response time – Ability to track location of emergency vehicles Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A typical GPS device installed in an emergency vehicle. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

SUMMARY Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary • Four Levels of EMS Training: – Emergency Medical Responder (EMR) – Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) – Advanced Emergency Medical Technician (AEMT) – Paramedic (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary • EMS personnel dispatched to scene of emergency when dispatcher receives emergency call. • Every EMS system required to designate medical director. • Emergency Medical Responder's primary responsibility is personal safety. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary • EMR's Main Duties – Scene safety – Gaining access to patient – Assessing patient; providing emergency care – Moving patients; transferring care to more highly trained personnel – Protecting patient's privacy – Being patient's advocate (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary • Emergency Medical Responders – Have a duty to maintain skills – Keep up-to-date with the latest trends and research – Maintain a professional demeanor at all times – Plays an important part in quality of system – May participate in specific duties related to CQI process (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary • Emergency Medical Responders have a duty to stay informed about latest research findings. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

REVIEW QUESTIONS Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Review Questions 1. Describe the various EMS models. 2. Differentiate the four levels of EMS provider. 3. Differentiate between off-line medical direction and on-line medical direction. 4. Differentiate the various components of an EMS system and describe the function of each. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Review Questions 5. Explain how state/region specific statutes and regulations affect how an Emergency Medical Responder might function. 6. Describe the characteristics of professionalism as they relate to the EMS provider. 7. Explain the role of the Emergency Medical Responder with regards to continuous quality improvement (CQI). Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Review Questions 8. Explain the role of public health systems and their relationship to EMS, disease surveillance, and injury prevention. 9. Explain the role that Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT) play and how they integrate with EMS systems. 10. Explain the role that research plays in EMS and the ways that an Emergency Medical Responder might identify and support research. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Please visit www. bradybooks. com and follow the Resource Central links to access content for this text. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le Baudour • Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer • O’Keefe • Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.