APES ENERGY LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 1 ST LAW

APES ENERGY

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 1 ST LAW = (also called “law of conservation of energy”) ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED 2 ND LAW = WHEN ENERGY IS CONVERTED TO ANOTHER FORM – A LESS USEFUL FORM RESULTS EX. Only 20% of energy in gasoline is converted , SO 80 % is lost as heat

ENERGY = THE ABILITY TO DO WORK https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=p. DK 2 p 1 Qb. PKQ Work is done when a force that is applied to an object moves that object. The work is calculated by multiplying the force by the amount of movement of an object (W = F * d) Joule= the SI unit of work or energy, equal to the work done by a force of one newton when its point of application moves one meter in the direction of action of the force, equivalent to one 3600 th of a watt-hour.

POWER = WORK / TIME UNITS OF POWER = WATT or KILOWATT Kilowatt = 1000 or 10 3 watts Megawatt = 1, 000 or 10 6 watts Btu = British Thermal Unit (used in the U. S. ) is the amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 pound of water by 1° F. 1 watt = 3. 4 Btu/ hr k. Wh (kilowatt hour) is used for billing EX. Heater uses 1 k. Wh 60 watt lightbulb for 1 hour uses. 06 k. Wh 60 watt lightbulb for 1000 hours uses 60 k. Wh Horsepower = 1 horsepower = 746 watts (mainly used with cars)

ELECTRICITY Video Energy 101: electricity generationhttp s: //www. youtu be. com/watch? v=20 Vb 6 hl. LQSg

ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE Wood (1776) *Industrial Revolution Coal (1850) Petroleum(1860) Natural Gas (1880) Hydroelectric (1890) Nuclear (1960) Other Renewables (1965)

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN UNITED STATES INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORTATION RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL

ENERGY SOURCES NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES = SOURCES THAT CAN NOT BE REPLENESHED EX. FOSSIL FUELS (coal, oil, natural gas) NUCLEAR ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES = SOURCES THAT CAN BE REPLENESHED EX. SOLAR, BIOMASS, GEOTHERMAL HYDROPOWER, WIND

COAL https: //www. youtube. com/wa tch? v=i. N 6 Lv. H_4 Q 3 g - Produced by decomposition of ancient organic matter (mostly from swamp areas) under high pressure for 300 million years - Peat is the pre-coal stage of coal formation - 4 types of Coal LIGNITE SUB-BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE SOFTEST SOFT TO HARDEST CARBON CONTENT 25 - 35% 35 – 45% 45 – 85% 85 – 97 % SULFUR CONTENT HIGHEST HIGH LOWEST HEAT CONTENT LOWEST LOW HIGHEST TEXTURE

WHAT IS PEAT? *Peat is the first stage in coal formation *Peat is carbonized, slightly decomposed organic matter (such as roots, leaves, small animals) that forms in bogs and swamps *Peat burns freely when dried and can be used as fossil fuel

COAL EXTRACTION 2 METHODS OF MINING COAL 1. SURFACE STRIP MINING 2. UNDERGROUND MINING Must go through preparation process: -removing foreign material -screening for size -crushing -washing to remove contaminants https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ylkd Uu. NOJzw (underground coal mining) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=euhb ko. Fik_8 (strip mining)

COAL POWER PLANT https: //www. yout ube. com/watch? v =r. EJKi. UYj. W 1 E (coal power plant)

COAL CONSUMPTION US *CHINA consumes the most COAL *87% of coal is for electricity (largest source used for electricity) *estimated to last about 300 years at current extraction ROW EU INDIA CHINA REST OF WORLD

COAL (PROS & CONS) PROS -more abundant than other fossil fuels -high net energy yield -stable -not harmful if spilled CONS -land disruption (erosion) -disrupts wildlife habitat -coal burning produces fly ash and sludge -expensive to transport & clean -causes pollution -causes global warming

OIL -produced by decomposition of deeply buried ocean plants and animals under high temperature and pressure after millions of years -products of oil are called petrochemical (paints, medicines, plastics) -found in varying depths of Earth’s crust -can be trapped in a layer of porous sandstone between nonporous rock like limestone or trapped at a fault

OIL TINY SEA PLANTS AND ANIMALS DIED AND WERE BURIED ON THE OCEAN FLOOR. OVER TIME, THEY WERE COVERED BY LAYERS OF SEDIMENT AND ROCK. OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS, THE REMAINS WERE BURIED DEEPER AND DEEPER. The heat and pressure converts them into oil and gas. Today, we drill down through the layers of sedimentary rock to reach the rock formations that contain oil and gas deposits. https: //www. youtu be. com/watch? v=8 Y Hsx. XEVB 1 M

OIL EXTRACTION https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 W 8 SW 98 -s. XQ -oil is released by drilling a well and puncturing the limestone layer -it flows from the well because it is under pressure (will be pumped out when pressure is diminished) -after oil is collected, it goes to a Refinery where it is cracked ( cracking involves separating the components by their boiling points) -Refined crude oil produces gasoline, diesel, asphalt

OIL RESERVES -estimated 50 year supply left -most of oil reserves are in the Middle East

OIL CONSUMPTION -2/3 of oil used in U. S. is for transportation -1/4 of oil used in U. S. is for industry

OIL (PROS & CONS) PROS -inexpensive -Easily transported with pipeline network -high net energy yield -versatile (produces paints, medicine, plastics etc. ) CONS - Oil reserves limited - Produces pollution (SO 2, NO, CO 2) - Releases wastewater & brine (salty water) - Disrupts land surface (erosion) - Disrupts wildlife habitat - Oil spills (land & ocean)

NATURAL GAS - Methane or CH 4 from dense shale rock - Methane is a greenhouse gas, is highly flammable and odorless - By decomposition of ancient organic matter under high temperature and high pressure - Associated with oil deposits (floats above oil) - Can be liquefied (LNG – liquid natural gas)

NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION/HYDROFRACKING https: //www. youtube. com/user/Energyfrom. Shale? v=Yem. Kz. EPugpk -flows from wells (under pressure) due to hydrofracking -HYDROFRACKING = HYDRAULIC FRACTURING 1. chemicals are mixed with large quantities of water 2. these chemicals are injected into wells at high pressure to create fractures in the rock 3. this allows natural gas (and oil) to escape and flow out of well *PROS= short process, well can be in production for 20 to 40 years *CONS= toxic, radioactive, liquid waste pose storage/disposal issues (can contaminate water supply), impacts flora (plants) and fauna (animals)

20. 9% 13. 6% 4. 2% 3. 7% 2. 9% 2. 7% 2. 4% 2. 3% 2. 2% 40. 6%

NATURAL GAS (PROS & CONS) - PROS Pipeline network (LNG can be transported by rail & ship) Inexpensive World reserves will last 125 years High net energy yield Produces less pollution than other fossil fuels CONS -H 2 S AND SO 2 are released during processing -LNG processing is expensive and dangerous -disrupts land area -releases contaminated waste water and brine

NUCLEAR ENERGY -can result from Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion -Nuclear Fission= when an atom splits into 2 or more smaller nuclei *when controlled, heat produced will form the steam needed to turn a turbine and generate electricity -most common nuclear fuels are isotopes of Uranium and Plutonium: U-235, U-238, Pu-239 -U-235 has a “half-life” of is 700 million years Fission

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 4 different nuclear reactor types - 1. light-water reactor (uses normal water) - 2. heavy-water reactor (uses deuterium oxide water) - 3. graphite-moderated reactor (uses graphite) - 4. exotic reactors (experimental material) ALL NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING: CORE= contains fuel rods with fuels like U-235 https: //www. yout CONTROL RODS= move in and out of core to absorb neutrons ube. com/watch? v =_Uwexva. CMWA and slow down reaction MODERATOR= uses a medium such as water or graphite to reduce velocity of fast neutrons COOLANT= removes heat and produces the steam

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

NUCLEAR ENERGY – PROS & CONS PROS -amount of potential energy is 10 million times more than fossil fuels -1/6 of CO 2 emission (little air pollution) -little land disruption https: //www. youtu be. com/watch? v=d 7 LO 8 l. L 4 Ai 4 CONS -nuclear waste is highly radioactive for thousands of years -low net energy yield due to mining & processing uranium, building & operating the plant, Storage & disposal of waste -safety/malfunction issues

ENERGY CONSERVATION GOVERNMENT AGENCIES EPA= Environmental Protection Agency NRC=Nuclear Regulatory Commission DOE=Department of Energy Star= develops appliance making standards designed to save energy and avoid greenhouse gases CAFE=(Corporate Average Fuel Economy) are standards for fuel economies which follow EPA guidelines Vehicle Standards include: *better engine design *weight reduction *streamlining *hybrid technology