26 What were the Crusades A series of

#26. What were the Crusades? • A series of Religious Wars initiated by the Catholic Church (Christians) during the Middle Ages • The goal of the Crusades was to take the Holy Land (Jerusalem) back from Muslims who were threatening the Byzantine empire. (#27—One of the causes for the Crusades)

Why was Jerusalem (the Holy Land) so important to Muslims, Christians & Jews?

#27. Other Causes of the Crusades: • Holy Land was holy to Christians, Jews and Muslims (already stated) • Place where Jesus was born and died OTHER BIG • Looking for adventure and riches REASONS OTHER THAN TO TAKE • Few opportunities in feudal Europe BACK THE HOLY LAND • Hatred of Muslims

Who officially launched the Crusades? • Pope Urban the II. • • Think of what this says about the Power of the Pope in Europe! Isn’t he supposed to be the leader of the Church? But isn’t launching wars a political move? Hmmmm….

Wait, who won the Crusades? • Muslims • Christians lose and Muslims occupy land for many years, another reason for the increased hatred and tension between these groups— even today!

#28. What were the Effects of the Crusades? • The Interaction between Western Europe and Muslims in Middle East led to Cultural Diffusion • Which then led to increased trade between Europe and Middle East. • With the new trade, Italy was sitting in the Middle of Trade routes in the Mediterranean Sea. So, Italians act as middlemen in the trade between W. Europe and Middle East- they become wealthy- leads to renaissance SHORT-MODERATE TERM) • Growth of towns and cities along crusader routes; weakening of feudal system • Ironically despite the increased trade, there begins a long legacy of distrust and hatred between Christians, Jews and Muslims

Wait…. What's Feudalism? ? ? • The dominant social system in medieval Europe • The nobility held lands from the Crown(KING) in exchange for military service(which will be provided by KNIGHTS), and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles • The peasants (or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land give him homage(honor), labor and a share of the produce, in exchange for military protection.

#25. What were the differences and one similarity between Western Europe during the Middle Ages and the Byzantine Empire? Western Europe (Holy Roman Empire) Not very organized. Run by various kingdoms (Frankish Kingdoms—the Franks were a dynasty) Similarities Eastern Europe (Byzantine Empire) Christians—very strong Very organized into one cohesive empire—the faith, just different views on Byzantine Empire. how to run the Church Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Capital/ Center of Trade and Power: Rome Capital/ Center of Trade and Power: Constantinople Less educated. Source of Knowledge comes from Bible. Only educated people: some nobles (people with money), and church members (clergy, Pope, monks, bishops, etc) More Educated. Pull from Ancient “Classical Sources” such as Greece and Rome. More widespread Christianity Most speak Latin—hurts trade so those in Western Europe couldn’t communicate with others as easily because they didn’t have a common language. This means less wealth in Western Europe. Speak Greek—which impacts trade because thanks to Alex the Great, most of the people in that part of the world were able to speak or at least understand Greek. So they had a common language. Thus, more wealth.

#24. Who was most powerful in Western Europe following the Fall of Rome? Give an example of how you know this (an event). • The POPE!!!! DUH! • 1. One of the most educated. Could read the Bible, and was charged with interpreting it to most people in Western Europe. • 2. In the Catholic Church, it was believed that a person couldn’t talk directly to God on their own especially to ask forgiveness for their sins. They needed to come to Church and confess their sins and then the priests and Pope would pray on their behalf for blessings and forgiveness to God. • Not in a controlling way but think of more as holding people accountable. Think of how many people ask forgiveness but don’t feel remorse and have no intention of changing. So confessing to a church official and explaining your “Repentance Plan” is intended to help the sinner be accountable for the sin and the coming changes they intend to make. • 3. Pope was believed to be the closet person on earth to God. • 4. Therefore the Pope’s approval was very important, even to local kings. They were running their kingdoms, but would become afraid to do things that the Pope would condemn because it would seem that if the Pope didn’t approve, perhaps God didn’t. • 5. A Pope launched the Crusades for goodness sake! One of the most devastating series of wars in ancient history. That’s pretty powerful. The leader of the Catholic Church convinced Millions of Christians to finally leave Europe and travel to a world they’d never seen, to fight in a war they were ill prepared for, all in the name of God.

#23. What was the Great Schism? How did it impact Europe? • Background: • The Byzantine split with Roman Catholicism came about when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, King of the Franks, as Holy Roman Emperor in 800. From the Byzantine viewpoint, this was a slap to the Eastern Emperor and the Byzantine Empire itself — an empire that had withstood barbarian invasions and upheld the faith for centuries. After Rome fell in 476, Byzantium was the only vestige of the Holy Roman Empire. • Charlemagne’s crowning made the Byzantine Emperor redundant, and relations between the East and the West deteriorated until a formal split occurred in 1054. The Eastern Church became the Greek Orthodox Church by severing all ties with Rome and the Roman Catholic Church — from the pope to the Holy Roman Emperor on down.

• Different theologies: Both were valid, but each had its own perspective. The West (Latin) was more practical and, although fully believing in the divinity of Christ, put emphasis on his humanity when depicting Jesus in art — especially by making realistic crucifixes. The East (Byzantine) was more theoretical and, although fully believing in the humanity of Christ, focused on his divinity, which was much more mysterious

Over time, this is the final way the divide looked:

#22. How did Christianity unify people of Western Europe, after the fall of Rome? Explain. • With Western Europe left in chaos, no standing army, no centralized government, no protection, all they had that united them was a belief in Jesus. He offered hope for a better life, even if it wasn’t in this life, but in Heaven with the Lord. Jesus was the people of Western Europe’s common bond.

#21. Who was Emperor Constantine and what did he to spread Christianity in Rome (name what he did specifically)? • The first Roman emperor to profess Christianity (first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity). He not only initiated the evolution of the empire into a Christian state but also provided the impulse for a distinctively Christian culture that prepared the way for the growth of Byzantine and Western medieval culture. • Biggest thing he DID after Converting to Christianity: EDICT OF MILAN

EDICT of MILAN • First, an Edict is an official order. Like a decree. • What did the Edict of Milan Do? • a proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire

Excerpt from Edict of Milan: (VERY IMPORTANT!!!) “When I, Constantine Augustus, as well as I Licinius Augustus fortunately met near Mediolanum (Milan), and were considering everything that pertained to the public welfare and security, we thought […] that we might grant to the Christians and others full authority to observe that religion which each preferred; whence any Divinity whatsoever in the seat of the heavens may be propitious and kindly disposed to us and all who are placed under our rule. […] Therefore, your Worship should know that it has pleased us to remove all conditions whatsoever, which were in the rescripts formerly given to you officially, concerning the Christians and now any one of these who wishes to observe Christian religion may do so freely and openly, without molestation. We […] have also conceded to other religions the right of open and free observance of their worship for the sake of the peace of our times, that each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases ; this regulation is made we that we may not seem to detract from any dignity or any religion. ”

#20. What was the Civil Service Exam in China? How did it influence people’s life in China? • In Ancient China the government (bureaucracy—know this word!!!) was run by the civil service. There were thousands of civil servants throughout the empire who reported in to the Emperor. The top civil servants were ministers who reported directly to the Emperor and worked in the palace. Ministers were wealthy and powerful government officials. • In order to become a civil servant, people had to take tests. The better they did on the tests, the higher position they could get in the civil service. The examinations were very difficult. Many people would study at the imperial university or under tutors for years in order to pass the tests. A lot of the tests covered the philosophy of Confucius and required lots of memorization. Other subjects included the military, mathematics, geography, and calligraphy. Some tests even involved having to write poetry

#19. What is Confucianism? What is the central value of this philosophy? 'Do not do to others what you would have them not do to you. ' • Confucianism is based entirely on kindness, mutual respect and an appreciation for character virtues. It is founded on the belief that society can flourish only when people learn to interact positively with each other and that individuals know their role in society and do what is expected of them. • He explained that in each of our relationships, we have a designated role. In order to keep these relationships healthy, we have to be aware of what that role is and how to live it out. He identified the five main relationships in life to be: • • • Ruler and subject Husband wife Father and son Elder brother and younger brother Friend to Friend

#18. Compare and contrast Hinduism and Buddhism (discuss their similarities and differences). • A nontheistic religion or philosophy that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one"). • Main beliefs: • existence is suffering (all people go through suffering in life) • suffering has a cause, mainly desires and our attachments—to things; • there is a process to end suffering, which is nirvana--a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. It represents the final goal of Buddhism • The path to the ending suffering is the "eightfold path" of right views

The EIGHTFOLD PATH

#17. What is Reincarnation? How does Reincarnation reinforce the Caste System in India? • Reincarnation is a cycle of life, death and rebirth • When a person were born in a certain caste, he/she can not become a member of another caste. However, because of the Hindu belief in reincarnation, if that person was good, responsible and fulfilled their duty in this life, they could reincarnate (which means to be born again) and be born in a higher class. • Thus, your past life determined where you were in the Caste System…. . KARMA!

#16. Explain the similarities and difference between the 10 Commandments (of Judaism) and the 5 Pillars of Islam • Both were ethical guidelines for behavior for both of these Monotheistic Religions. • Kind of like a religious code of conduct.

10 Commandments • Given to the Prophet Moses after Freeing the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt. • The Hebrews were the ancestors of the Jews of today. • Therefore Judaism (the religion of the Jews) following the 10 commandments as a code of conduct for their faith. • Christians uphold the 10 Commandments as well.

10 Commandments

5 Pillars of Islam • The Five Pillars of Islam are the framework of the Muslim life.

#15. Why do you think Hammurabi had such harsh punishments for his laws? • Honestly, he probably felt harsh punishments would lead to an orderly society more quickly. • What do you all think? Agree or have other thoughts?

#14. What are the purposes of creating laws (generally speaking)? • Always, always. Laws are created for the following reasons, initially: • Establish order • Provide stability to the people • Unite people under a common system or sense of structure. Justinian’s Code—Byzantine de o C s ’ — e rabi d u o m Ham st law c ir f ) s ’ n d o l l r y (wo Bab Twelve Tables —Roman Law Code, Gave more INDIVIDUAL rights to the Plebeians, ; the common people. Empire, written by Emperor Justinian. Updated and Revised outdated old Roman Laws.

#13. What is a monarchy? Give an example of a monarchy and explain how you know it is a monarchy. • A form of government in which sovereignty(supreme power; ability of a state or country to rule themselves) is embodied in one individual reigning until death or abdication(to leave thrown). They are called the monarchs—which are kings or queens. • Examples: • Ancient Babylon (famous King: Hammurabi) • England for many years (famous Kings & Queens: King James I, King Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth I) • France for many years (famous Kings & Queens: King Louis XIV & King Louis XVI

#12. What is an oligarchy? Give an example of an oligarchy and explain how you know it is an oligarchy. • An oligarchy is a form of government in which a small group of people have control of a country. • Examples: • Ancient Sparta (so far )

#11. What is a theocracy? Give an example of a theocracy and explain how you know it is a theocracy. • A form of government where power is with religious officials • The God of deity of the country is believed to be supreme being • His rules and the religious beliefs of the country are at the core of their political ideology and religious officials, priests, etc are charged with interpreting them for the people. • Examples: • Ancient Egypt—why? Pharaoh was considered the king AS WELL AS a living God! • Iran—Ruled by Islamic religious leaders called Ayatollahs.

#10 Roman Structure of Government Similarities Government made of elected officials, but some jobs were reserved for people of a certain class: Patricians—the wealthy class, or Plebeians—the common class (more poor people) Had elected officials Twelve Tables provided some protections for individual under the law, but were still lacking in universal protections for all. #9 Had Three Branches of Government United States Structure of Government more structure (obviously) anyone from any class (theoretically) can run for a public office. Or requirements are more based on qualifications. Had a System of Checks-and Bill of Rights was more widespread individual -Balances within the branches equality, at least that was the intention. of government (each branch of government has it’s own duty/job, and within that job rights, they can check or restrict another branch from ever being too powerful)

This is MOST IMPORTANT! WHY? It demonstrates the LEGACY ROME’s GOVERNMENT HAD ON THE WORLD, PARTICULARLY THE UNITED STATES!!! Similarities Had elected officials Had Three Branches of Government Had a System of Checks-and-Balances within the branches of government (each branch of government has it’s own duty/job, and within that job rights, they can check or restrict another branch from ever being too powerful)

#8. Describe Roman Social Structure. Patricians Plebeians

#6 What were the Twelve Tables? #7 What caused the Twelve Tables to exist? • (7) Because the Plebeians weren’t being fairly treated or equally represented in government, they refused to help the Patricians defend the city of Roman against invaders (early in Roman history), until the made changes. • (6) Thus the Twelve Tables, Roman laws protecting the rights of an individual, were created to satisfy the Plebeians and get them to help save Rome.

#5 Democracy in Greece Government OF the people—made up of the people in Greece Majority Rule—whatever the majority wants, it what happens #3 Similarities A Republic in Rome People have the power. Government FOR the people—a government of laws. Yes people in Rome, or the United States today make up the government, but it’s more about the law code we have. It forced those elected officials to HAVE to ADHERE to laws themselves, especially those which tell what they can and cant do and protect the rights of individuals. People’s voices are heard Rule by Law Checks and Balances Works great in small populations—which Voting/ both can have allowed for the creation of Direct elected officials and Democracy in Athens, thanks to who? ? ? representatives. Only Athens had a “Direct democracy” where every person voted on every issue. More of an idea Works well with larger populations—into the millions. More Structured

#4. What makes a republic different than a regular democracy? • Essentially, its more structure, usually because a republic has to be because it serves a larger more unified population. • Also it is governed by LAWS, and not just for the people, but laws the elected officials must adhere to and laws to protect the people’s individual rights.

#2. How did geography influence the development of civilization in the following regions: • Sumer— • in the region of Mesopotamia (land between the Rivers) • Had access to two rivers for drinking water and use in farming—Tigris and Euphrates. • The rivers flooded leaving behind silt which made the soil fertile. • Very flat land—good for farming, but BAD for invasion • NO NATURAL BARRIERS • Many civilizations will arise in this region because it was so easy to invade, But that allows for GREAT CULTURAL DIFFUSION!!!!!

Eup hra tes Tig ris R R. . Sumer

• Ancient Egypt— • Centered on the Nile River • Nile flooded predictably each year so they planned farming and calendar around those events • Well protected by natural barriers (Sahara desert to the West, Mediterranean Sea to the North, Red Sea to the East and Cataracts in the Nile River to the South) • Made Egypt more self-sufficient. They did trade with other but they didn’t have to rely on trading to survive.

Mediterranean Sea Sahara Desert Red Sea Cataracts

• Phoenicians & Greece • First the Phoenicians were the great sailors who invented the 22 letter alphabet that influenced the Greeks writing and then Romans. • Both were located along the Mediterranean Sea. • Therefore more developed fishing, great ships, and an extensive trade network along the Mediterranean sea. • Greece had a number of islands and a more rocky terrain which impacted them politically because they weren’t unified as a people—thus leading to the creation of City-States.

#1. Where did all the world’s civilizations arise (where did the people decide to settle and build a civilization—think geography)? • RIVER VALLEYS • All civilizations needed access to fresh water (NOT THE OCEAN, a RIVER!) • Rivers gave drinking water and an ability to water crops. • Farming is the ONLY reason people started to settle down and form civilizations in the first place!