THE CRUSADES WHAT IS A CRUSADE Series of

THE CRUSADES

WHAT IS A CRUSADE? Series of Holy wars What were they fighting for? § Christians vs Muslims § Control of Jerusalem Total of 9 crusades § First four most important § Children’s crusade

WHO WAS INVOLVED? Christians § Place where Jesus was crucified and ascended to heaven Muslims § It was the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven Jewish § Site of the ancient temple built by Solomon

PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH Village Priests getting married and having families Simony Lay investiture Bishops and abbots care more about their feudal duties than spiritual duties

THE AGE OF FAITH Inspired wars of conquest 1093 Byzantine emperor, Alexius Comnenus sent an appeal asking for help against the Muslim Turks Muslims threatening to conquer the capital, Constantinople Pope Urban II issued for a “holy war” 300 year time period of multiple crusades

THE CRUSADERS For knights… § this was a chance to use their fighting skills, something they enjoyed and did well. They were delighted to have such a worthy battle to fight. For peasants… § this was a chance to escape from their dreary life in the feudal system. The pope promised that if they died while fighting a holy crusade, they would automatically be welcomed into heaven. For others… § it was a chance to have an adventure, and perhaps even to get rich.

GOALS Economical, Social and Political goals Religious motives Pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite believers Get rid of knights who fought each other § Threaten peace of kingdoms and Church property Looking for land position in society, adventure § Younger sons did not stand to inherit any fortune or family land Merchants profited by financing the journey § Leasing ships § Control of major trade routes

SIGNS OF THE CRUSADERS The Red Cross Each crusader had a huge red cross, made out of fabric, stitched onto their shirts or armor. It made all crusaders, irrespective of rank or background, appear to be a unified army. It reminded the crusaders that they were fighting a holy cause. The red cross was added to flags and banners

THE FIRST CRUSADE 1096 -1099 Pope Urban II claimed those who died on Crusade were assured of a place in heaven. § Religious feeling and support It was a worthy cause to fight in the crusade Pope was highest order… connection to God “God Wills It” Arabs took control § Closed the city to Jewish and Christians Unsuccessful at first § Geography, Culture, Climate

THE FIRST CRUSADE July 15 1099 captured Jerusalem 650 mile strip of land Divided into four sections “Crusaders’ states § Each had an emperor ruler § Extremely vulnerable 1144 Edessa was reconquered by the Turks Led to the Second Crusade § Started in 1147 – 1149 Organized to recapture Edessa

THIRD CRUSADE 1189 -1191 Recapture Jerusalem Three most powerful monarchs § Philip II (Augustus) – France § Frederick I (Barbarossa) - Germany § Richard (Richard the Lion-Hearted) – England Philip and Frederick did not make the journey Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce in 1192 § Jerusalem under Muslim control § Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the cities holy places

SALADIN 1138 -1193 Most famous Muslim leader of the 1100 s Most devout man, honest, brave He wished to chase the crusaders back into their own territories

RICHARD THE LION HEARTED 1157 -1199 Good looks, charm, courage, grace and ruthlessness Joined during the third crusade § Others needed to rule England in his absence Had many Muslims slaughtered after capturing the city

FOURTH CRUSADE 1202 -1204. Instead of attacking Jerusalem, the crusaders attacked Constantinople. § Looted the entire city § They burned libraries and destroyed churches. Claimed they needed money to defend Constantinople from the same fate as Jerusalem, as well as to fund the rescue of Jerusalem. The people of Constantinople were angered by this Start to see religious spirit fade Personal gain grew

CHILDREN’S CRUSADE 1212 was a terrible tragedy. Many thousands of French and German children died trying to reach Jerusalem. § Nearly 50, 000 total They believed God would help them because they were children. § Many died of hunger. § Others froze to death. Met the Pope in Rome and he told them to return home

A SPANISH CRUSADE Muslims in Spain called Moors Controlled most of the country until 1100 s Reconquista § Long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain Late 1400 s – held only the tiny kingdom of Granada § 1492 – fell to Christian army under Ferdinand Isabella

INQUISITION Inquisition § Unify country and increase power § Court held by the Church to suppress heresy Heretics § Religious believed differed from the Church Many Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity Could be questioned and tortured Burned at the stake 1492 – the monarchs expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain

STEP 1: THE INQUISITOR RIDES IN TO TOWN

STEP 2: THE T OWN GATHERS TO H EAR THE INQUISITOR PREAC H ON THE SINS A ND DANGERS OF HERESY

STEP 3: PERIOD OF GRACE ANYONE WHO MIGHT BE GUILTY OF HERESY CAN CONFESS AND BE ASSURED LENIENT TREATMENT

STEP 4: EDICT OF FAITH DU RING THIS PHASE AN Y ACCUSED PERSON BECOMES S UB JEC T TO IN TERROGATION OR ARREST

ST EP 5: YELLOW CROSS MANY WHO WERE CO NV ICTED OF HERESY W ERE ORDERED TO WEAR DISTINCTIVE CLOTHING THAT ANNOUNCED THEIR SHAM E TO THE PUBLIC

STEP 6: CONDEMNED HERETICS WERE HANDED OVER TO SECULAR AUTHORITIES

STEP 7: BURNED AT THE STAKE

LATER CRUSADES Over the next 70 years, there were several other crusade attempts § They were motivated more by personal gain than by religious purpose. None succeeded. By 1291, 200 years after the first crusade, European leaders lost interest. Western Europe never admitted defeat. § They simply stopped asking for new crusaders.

EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES Forceful example of the Church power Women § Stayed home § Manage affairs and estates Merchants § Expanded trade between Europe and SW Asia § Spices, fruits, cloths

EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES Pope’s power decreases with failed crusades Weakened feudal nobility Increase the power of Kings Muslims felt discriminated and left a legacy of hatred and bitterness Relations with Muslim leadership worsened However… led to a growth of trade, towns and universities in Medieval Europe

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