Happy New Year Journal 17 What was your

Happy New Year!!!! Journal 1/7 • What was your favorite thing about the break? (your answer cannot be sleep that is an obvious!) • Grab a sheet of blank paper, we are going to do an activity together.

Resolutions • Fold the paper in half hot dog style • Cut one side into four equal sections and write the numbers 2 -0 -1 -5 on each section • Under each section you are going to write a new years resolution to improve: – – 2: Personal improvement 0: Family/friends 1: School/community 5: Global World • Be creative and include color • Turn in for a grade

Feudalism, Crusades, and the Magna Carta The Rise of the Middle Ages

1/7 Objectives • Describe the process of how Frankish rulers gained control of Europe. • Explain the decline of the Frankish Empire.

Where in the World is Europe? ? ?

Rome Falls…. . What Next? ? …. after the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was full of chaos and change. – Barbarian invasions brought new culture to Europe and merged with the lifestyles left by the Empire. • The time between the 400’s and about 1500 became known as the middle ages or medieval period where there was a transition in the development in western culture.

The Franks A Germanic tribe that came to the post-Roman Europe and established power.

Who is Clovis and the Merovingian's? ? • Clovis was the leader of the Frankish tribes. – Him and his successors were called the Merovingian's. • Strong military leader who conquered all of northern Gaul and eventually the Franks went on to conquer southwestern Gaul (modern France). • Franks gained support from the church because Clovis was a Christian.

Stop and Jot • Based on what we have learned from other civilizations……What do you think happened to the kingdom after Clovis died? • His sons divided the empire and created internal conflict within the kingdom. • The kings that ruled after him were weak and eventually the chief of the royal household (mayor of the palace) took over as ruler of each kingdom.

Pepin II • Mayor of the palace from 687 to 714 • Him and his successors united the Frankish Kingdom …. then he died!

• Pepin’s son, Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer), became mayor of the palace. • Credited for stopping the Muslim advance in Europe by defeating the Spanish Moors when they invaded France in 732. …. then he died!

Pepin III • His son Pepin III became king of the Franks and established the Carolingians, a new line of Frankish rulers. • The Pope confirmed Pepin’s rule and strengthened the Carolingian dynasty because European Christians believed that the Popes blessing came directly from God.

• The Pope wanted Pepin's help against the Lombard's who were threatening Italy. – He took a Frankish army into Italy to fight…. and won! • He got control of the territory around Rome and gave it to the Pope: the Donation of Pepin – Made the alliance between the Franks and the church even stronger.

Who is Charlemagne? ? ? • The son of Pepin III, who inherited the Frankish throne from 768 – 814. • Worked to build a “new Rome” centered in what is now France and Germany. • A Christian Warrior – Spread Christianity and brought order & learning to barbarian Europe. – He defeated: the Lombard's in Italy, Saxons in Germany, and the Avars in central Europe. – Drove the Moors back across the Pyrenees, a mountain range that separates Spain and France (the Spanish March).

Stop and Jot • What actions helped Charlemagne to unify his empire? • Spreading Christian Beliefs • Capturing the Spanish March

Charlemagne Declared Emperor of Romans!!! • Pope Leo III declared Charlemagne the “Emperor of the Romans” by placing a crown on his head as he knelt in prayer on Christmas day in 800. – The Roman Empire had obviously been over, therefore, it shows his importance to western Europe.

And then……. • He died!

Government Under Charlemagne • Divided into regions, controlled by officials known as counts that served on the emperors behalf. • Appointed officials that helped Charlemagne run the empire were known as missi dominici (the lord’s messengers). – Took care of complaints throughout the Empire – Kept the counts in check – Given a lot of authority

Stop and Jot Copy the diagram and use it to show Charlemagne organized his government and what responsibilities were held by the various officials Charlemagne’s Empire

The Decline of the Frankish Empire • Charlemagne’s descendants did not inherit his energy and ability. – The Empires strength began to decline rapidly • It eventually began to divide and split. – Conflict occurred between the western and eastern kingdoms. • Charlemagne’s kingdom was further undermined by invasions from different groups.

The Vikings!!! • They were the most feared invaders of western Europe from Scandinavia in the north (what is now Norway, Sweden, and Denmark). • They were a surprisingly quite democratic group of people. – Assemblies of landowners made the laws. • The way they captured towns was very cruel. – Used axes and dogs to strike terror into people. • Had great, strong ships that took them to Iceland, Greenland, and North America.

Exit Ticket • I have some ideas for the new current event assignment that will begin next week. • However…. . I want to hear some of your suggestions first because I want it to be a more meaningful assignment for you…. . • So, I want you to take 5 minutes and think of some ideas. Write the ideas that you come up with on a sticky note. • When you are finished come stick it to the board!

Journal 1/9 • Think about the importance of land ownership throughout history and in the U. S. today. Does a person have to own land to be prosperous economically? How is land ownership transferred between individuals? • Date/Copy/Answer

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 ZTmi. YUpm 4

Objectives • Explore how feudalism helped shape political and social development in Europe during the Middle Ages. • Identify the ways in which the manorial system influenced growth in Europe during the Middle Ages. • Describe how the church hierarchy fit into society. • Explain how the practices of monasticism changed. • Explore how the church influenced life in medieval Europe.

Feudalism…What Does It Mean? • After Charlemagne died there was no organized, large-scale government in Europe. . . so…. . • By the 900’s most people were governed by small, local, independent leaders, or local lords. • The political organization these leaders represented is known as feudalism. • A political system of local government based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and other services.

How Does It Work? • A powerful king grants land (fief) to a noble. – The land is still actually owned by the king. – The noble has power to use of the land it’s products, but could not own the land. • In return the noble promised loyalty, military assistance (knights), money, and other services to the king. – People who received the grants of land were known as vassals. • The noble could then split up the land he had been granted and grant it to others such as knights. – Knights provided military service and protection in return for land. • Knights could then split up the land even more and grant land to peasants who were responsible for providing food and other services when demanded.

Create a graphic organizer that shows how feudalism works. Make sure to include the cycle of who grants the land the responsibilities of the vassals.

The Manorial System • Feudalism provided social and political structure after Charlemagne’s rule in the period of the middle ages in Europe. • Manorialism shaped the economy of Europe during these times. – Took it’s name from the manors of the middle ages. – Large farming estates that included manor houses, cultivated lands, woodlands, pastures, fields, and villages. • Central authority and trade were almost non-existent so manors had to be self-sufficient. • A lord typically owned the land kept about 1/3 of it for himself. – The other 2/3 were farmed by the peasant families (serfs) living on the land. – In return for being able to farm the land they gave some crops to the lord and helped farm his land. – They also provided many other services and even paid taxes.

Peasant Life • Very difficult during medieval times, spending long hours in the fields. • Could not leave the manor without the lords permission. • Very limited food – black bread, lentils, some vegetables, and ale. – Could rarely afford meat because you could not hunt on the lord’s land. • Short life expectancies due to disease, starvation, and frequent warfare.

Nobles’ Lifestyles • The upper class in medieval Europe did not typically live in luxury or even comfort by today’s standards. – Castles were simple structures made from earth and wood. Later they were made from stone. • Usually built on hills so they could be defended. If not they would construct moats around the base. • The lord spent most of his days looking after the land dispensing justice among his vassals and serfs.

Journal 1/12 • Consider the separation between church and state in the United States. What does this separation mean? Do you think this is positive or negative and explain why? • Copy/Date/Answer

The Church • The church was Europe’s only source of leadership and stability during the Middle Ages. • “The continuity and the authority of the Church of Rome stood out in marked contrast against …the short-lived kingdoms which rose and fell in [the early Middle Ages]. ” • Therefore, it became one of the medieval Europe’s most powerful and enduring institutions.

The Church and Its Functions • The church filled the need for leadership and performed many of the functions that a central government would. • It also performed as a great economic power during the Middle Ages. – By the 1100’s the church was one of the leading landowners, and many of the leaders were powerful feudal lords.

The Church Hierarchy • Members of the clergy of the church were organized according to a hierarchy of rank. – Each rank had different duties and powers. • The parish priest was the lowest rank and directly served the people of his parish, the smallest division in the church. – Responsible for religious instruction and spiritual life of the community. – Lowest and smallest rank but one of the most important.

A Step Up: Bishops • The bishop managed a group of parishes called a diocese. – The bishop’s official church, the cathedral, was usually located in the city of the diocese. • Bishop’s were chosen by powerful nobles or the king. – Chosen by family connections and political power. – Many were feudal lords

Church Leadership • A group of several diocese, an archdiocese, was managed by an archbishop. – An archbishop had all the power & responsibility of a bishop, but also had authority over all bishops in the archdiocese. • The pope held the highest authority in the church. – Was advised by the curia, a group of counselors picked from the highest ranks of the clergy. – The most important of the curia were called cardinals or “princes of the church” because they advised the pope on legal and spiritual matters. • From the late 1100’s only cardinals could elect the pope.

Pope Francis

Draw a pyramid that represents the hierarchy of the church and their functions!

Monasticism • The church was made up of two types of clergy. • Secular clergy – means “the present world” – Priests, bishops, and the pope – Gave sermons and preached to people in the everyday world. • Regular clergy – means “rule” – Male monks made up regular clergy because they had to follow strict rules.

Monastic Lifestyle • Monks and nuns believed they had to withdraw from the world and its temptations to live a Christian life. • Monks lived alone and completely devoted their lives to God in many ways. – Would even inflict extreme pain and suffering to themselves to show their dedication. • Most monks and nuns eventually gave up their lifestyle alone and formed religious communities called monasteries, while nuns lived in convents. • Monasticism refers to the lifestyles in monasteries and convents.

Monastic Influence • Monks and nuns took care of the needy in medieval society. – Many monasteries were wealthy because nobles would give money in return for spiritual favors. – Convents received some wealth but not as much. • Some monks would eventually leave the monastery to become missionaries. – Traveling around Europe to spread Christianity.

The Church and Its Political Role • The church had its own code of law, called canon law, and its own courts. – Members of the clergy would be tried in this court and could possibly be excommunicated. • The court could also interdict an entire region. – All churches in that region would close and the clergy would be forbidden to perform marriages, burials, or other services. – The church would use this as a strategy to turn a region’s people against rulers who opposed church powers and policies because people who went against the church were considered heretics. • The church also had power to tax – the parish priest would collect a tithe from the people. – 1/10 of a person’s income

• Pop Quiz!! • When you are finished begin adding to your timeline! – The Roman Empire – The Frankish Empire

Journal 1/21 • Consider what you know about the constitution of the United States of America and the Bill of Rights. What purpose do they serve?

The Struggle for Power in England France

Pg. 304 1. How was the kingdom of England formed? 2. What were the achievements of William the Conqueror and his successors? 3. What is the Magna Carta? Why was it written? 4. How did Parliament and common law affect political development in England? 5. How did French kings gain power over their nobles?

Journal 1/21 • If you could travel to one place in the entire world for free, where would you go and why?

Journal 1/23 • Think about power struggles today. Give some modern examples. (school, community, national, or global level). What are some typical goals of those engaged in power struggles?

“Write Your Own Rights” • What to include: – The name of your document at the top • Ex: “The Bill of Rights” • Ex: “The Magna Carta” • Ex: “The Great Charter” – A preamble: states what the purpose of the document is and why it is necessary. • A list of rights or amendments (at least 10) – Can be directed towards your parents, the school, the principal, or Ms. Schill. • Cannot include negativity towards any of the above, it simply needs to state rights. • A signature • This will be taken up as a grade (it will not be a good one if you do not take it serious or add negativity to your document)!!!

Journal 1/26 • What do you think about North Korea and how they run their government?

Objectives • Describe how the Holy Roman emperors used their power. • Explain how the struggle between the popes and emperors developed.

Chapter 13 Section 5 The Clash over Germany and Italy

The Holy Roman Empire • After Charlemagne died, Italy was in a state of chaos and disorder. – Around 900, the Byzantine Empire controlled parts of Italy; the pope the Papal States; while Arab Muslims ruled Sicily and often attacked the Italian mainland. • Feudal lords elected Otto I to be king of Germany in 936 (Otto the Great). – He also became interested in Italy and went to seize territory in northern Italy in 951. – Pope John XII begged Otto to help him with the struggle with Roman nobles. • Crowned him Emperor of Romans in return and he ruled Germany and northern Italy.

Imperial Decline • In the early 1800 s, the Holy Roman Empire was weakened by internal divisions, rise of other European powers, and ambitions of local nobles who sought to break imperial control.

The Papacy vs. European Rulers • Henry IV became imperial ruler after Henry III’s death in 1056. – He was only 5 years old and many powerful German nobles saw this as an opportunity to take back their independence and feudal powers. – The church also worked to restore their power during this time • When Henry turned 15, he moved to strengthen his imperial rule and a conflict grew with Pope Gregory VII. – Reflected the struggle between church and state

Pope Gregory VII & Henry IV • Gregory believed that the church was supreme ruler with supreme spiritual and non-spiritual power. – Thought everyone was subject to the will of the church. – Would use excommunication as a way to resolve conflicts between church and state • The conflict with Henry IV involved the issue of lay investiture: appointment of bishops by temporal (nonspiritual) rulers. – Henry believed he had the right to appoint bishops of the German church and of course Gregory disagreed. • Gregory grew angry with Henry and excommunicated him

Gregory Wins! • Fearing rebellion, Henry set up a meeting at Canossa with the pope to ask for mercy. – The pope revoked Henry’s excommunication after some begging. • In 1122 representatives from both sides met in Worms, Germany and made a resolution known as the Concordat of Worms. – It limited imperial power over the German church. The ruler could only appoint bishops to fiefdoms, and the pope was the only one who could name bishops. – Recognized the spiritual leadership of the popes and the temporal leadership of the emperors.

Stop and Jot Concordat of Worms Grants secular powers Grants spiritual powers

Frederick Barbarossa – Imperial Ruler • Ruled Germany from 1152 -1190, and wanted to gain control of Italy. – To strengthen his rule by gaining wealth, he sought out great trading cities such as Bologna, Padua, Verona, and Milan (Lombard cities). – He took control over their governments – Destroyed Milan • The city-states were mostly independent from imperial rule and refused Frederick’s demands. – With the help of the pope, they united to form the Lombard League. – Raised a powerful army that defeated Frederick. – Showed the growing political power of cities in medieval Europe.

Use a graphic organizer to summarize the actions and events that led to Frederick Barbarossa’s defeat by the Lombard League.

Innocent III • A strong medieval pope from 1198 – 1216 – Strengthened the church and increased its worldly power. – Believed in the supreme power of the papacy, like Gregory before him. – He believed emperors and kings were mere servants of the church. • Gave himself complete spiritual and political power. – Used excommunication and interdiction against rulers, dominating nearly all of Italy. • After his death, his successors were not able to carry out the strength of the church and the power of the papacy declined. – Conflict between church and state continued – Italy remained divided into three regions. • Northern Italy controlled by the Lombard cities • Papal States had control of the center • Kingdom of Sicily controlled the South

Next Time • We will pick up with the crusades and culture in the middle ages on Tuesday along with a study guide. • We will review on Thursday……and test Friday!

Make an Illustration • Today we discussed the power struggle going on between imperial power and the church. • Think about modern day power struggles in the community, U. S. , and the world. Make an illustration that demonstrates that power struggle and the goals that each side is trying to achieve. • If you are finished…. . work on your timeline. I think we have to add events from the Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, and The Frankish Empire

Journal 1/29 • When you hear the word “Crusade” what do you think of?

The Crusades Chapter 14 Section 1

Objectives • Identify the main causes of the Crusades. • Describe the outcome of the First Crusade. • Describe the outcomes of the other major crusades. • Explain how the Crusades affected Europe.

Palestine • Palestine = Holy land to the Christians, Muslims, and Jews. • In the 600 s Muslim Arabs took control of Palestine. – They allowed Christians and Jews to practice their religion, travel freely, and trade. • However, by the Middle Ages, this situation changed.

Causes of the Crusades • During the late 1000 s the Seljuq Turks (Muslims from central Asia) took control of Palestine. – They then wanted to go conquer Asia Minor, part of the Byzantine Empire. – They threatened the capital city of Constantinople and the Byzantine emperor called on Pope Urban II for help. – He was happy to help because he had heard reports of Christians being persecuted in Palestine by the Turks. • Urban asked church leaders and feudal lords in France to help win back the holy land. – They would “wear the cross of Christ on their right shoulder or back, and with one voice…cry out: ‘God wills it, God wills it!”

Stop and Jot Need to know: • Seljuk Turks – • Where were they trying to conquer – • Who did they call on to help – • Why was he eager to help – • Who did he ask to help -

The Crusades. . . And so the Crusades began, a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land. • At least 10, 000 Europeans helped the cause, sewing a cloth cross on their shoulder and calling themselves the Crusaders. • Crusaders had many different reasons for joining the cause: – Some thought it would save their souls – Some believed if they died on crusade they would go straight to heaven – Some knights hoped to gain land wealth in Palestine and Southwest Asia – Some merchants saw it as an opportunity to make money • The crusades appealed to a love of adventure and the promise of rewards, both spiritual and material.

Stop and Jot Need to know: • Crusade – • Who were the Crusaders – • What are some reasons they joined -

The First Crusade • From 1096 – 1099 • French and Italian lords led several armies of crusaders from Europe to Constantinople. – The emperor of Constantinople was glad for the help, but was suspicious that they would try and capture the capital. – They eventually allowed them to pass through on their way to Palestine. • When they reached the holy city of Jerusalem they were met with ships from Italy with supplies. • The Turks had been fighting amongst themselves and were not able to unite and fight off the crusaders. • They captured the city of Jerusalem and slaughtered their Muslims and Jews in a horrible massacre.

Timeline of Events for the First Crusade The city eventually allowed them to pass through on their way to the Holy Land The Turks had also been fighting among themselves making them unprepared

Effects of the 1 st Crusade • Now the holy land was mostly under European control. • The crusaders brought their culture and institutions into the holy land parts of southwest Asia. • They set up four small states , brought European feudalism, and encouraged trade with Europe. • The European people that occupied the new territory learned how to live and cooperate with Muslims and even adapted Eastern customs.

Stop and Jot • What are the importance of the outcomes?

The Second Crusade • By 1146 the Turks had united their forces and began to take back cities from the crusaders. • The second crusade began in 1147 when two European forces, France and Germany, led armies to the city of Damascus where they could not fight off the Turks and had to return to Europe.

The Third Crusade • In 1187 Muslim leader Saladin took control of Jerusalem. • Three European rulers – Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and Richard I of England - led separate armies in the third crusade. • The European rulers once again had failed. – Frederick Barbarossa drowned on the way to the holy land his army turned back. – Phillip and Richard quarreled and Philip took his army back home. – Richard could not capture Jerusalem alone. • Richard settled with a truce with Saladin. – The crusaders received some towns along the Palestinian coast and Christians were allowed to enter the holy land freely.

Events of the 2 nd and 3 rd Crusades France and Germany led armies to Damascus where they could not fight off the Turks Three European rulers led separate armies towards the Holy Land. Richard, one of the leaders, settled a truce with Saladin that:

The Fourth Crusade • Innocent III and a group of French knights began the fourth crusade in 1202. – Sailed on ships from the Italian city-state, Venice. • The venetians persuaded the crusaders to attack the city of Zadar (a trade rival to Venice) along the way. – Innocent III excommunicated the attackers because it was a Christian city. • Then in 1204 they attacked Constantinople, another Christian city, and the Venetians took control of Byzantine trade. – It remained under western European control for 60 years – The Byzantines eventually regained the city but did not regain their strength and the empire collapsed.

Other Crusades • The Children’s Crusade in 1212: young people from all over Europe went to regain the Holy Land for Christian Europe. – They lacked training and supplies and many were sent home. – Some were tricked into boarding ships that carried them off into slavery instead of the Holy Land. – Thousands were lost along the journey. • The Europeans continued the Crusades until 1291, when the Muslims recaptured Acre. – It was the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land, and so the Christians gave up and the Crusades ended.

Events of the 4 th Crusade and Others Innocent III and French Knights sailed on Italian ships 1202 to start the 4 th Crusade. Innocent III excommunicated some of the crusaders because: The Crusades continued until 1291 when: The Children’s Crusade failed in 1212 because:

Results of the Crusades • The Europeans failed to gain control of the Holy Land through the Crusades, which was the ultimate goal. • However, they helped bring many changes to Europe. – Learned about many new weapons and warfare tactics from the Muslims and Byzantines. – Many lords sold their land to raise money for the Crusades or died fighting, giving European kings more strength and bringing an end to the feudal system. – The church gained strength, as the popes were important organizers of the Crusades. • European culture had been enriched with new ideas and trade. – Crusaders from all over Europe, as well as Muslims and Byzantines, shared ideas while traveling through the Holy Land. – Italian cities became major trading centers using their ships to carry crusaders that would come back full of foods and goods from southwest Asia.

• Take the next 5 minutes to go over your notes. • When you are finished with the quiz, work on your timeline. I have more sheets if you need them!

Journal 1/30 • Use your own words to define the word terrorist. • Copy/Date/Answer