Quantum Wonderland I cant believe that said Alice

Quantum Wonderland “I can‘t believe that!” said Alice. “Can’t you? ” the Queen. “Try again: draw a long breath and shut your eyes. ” Alice laughed. “There‘s no use trying, ” she said: “one can’t believe impossible things. ” “I dare say you haven‘t had much practice, ” said the Queen. “When I was your age, I always did it for half-an-hour a day. Why, sometimes I’ve believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast” (Lewis 127).

Ernst Mach No statement in natural science is admissible unless it is empirically verifiable. 實證論 Positivism 只有能觀察的才算數！ 馬赫不認為原子是可實證可觀察的，因此也是無必要的！

微觀世界無法直接觀察到，它真的存在嗎？ 只有能觀察的才算數！ Brownian Motion Perrin 1913 Robert Brown, 植物學家 1773– 1858 the motion of colloidal particles of radius 0. 53µm, as seen under the microscope,

Albert Einstein, 1905

但事不從人願！ Rutherford 1910

Spectrum of Hydrogen Spectrum of Iron

Hα Hβ OIII

Balmer Series of H

Transit ion of n 3→ 2 4→ 2 5→ 2 6→ 2 7→ 2 8→ 2 9→ 2 Name H-α H-β H-γ H-δ H-ε H-ζ H-η Wavel ength (nm) [2] 656. 3 486. 1 434. 1 410. 2 397. 0 388. 9 383. 5 Red Bluegreen Violet Color → 2 364. 6 (Ultrav iolet) RH is the Rydberg Constant for hydrogen Why?

Lyman Series

Lyman series Balmer series Paschen series Brackett series Pfund series Humphreys series

Lyman series Balmer series Paschen series Brackett series 氫原子的光譜 Pfund series Humphreys series

1922 Nobel Prize

Quantum Wonderland Alice laughed. “There‘s no use trying, ” she said: “one can’t believe impossible things. ” “I dare say you haven‘t had much practice, ” said the Queen. “When I was your age, I always did it for half-an-hour a day. Why, sometimes I’ve believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast” (Lewis 127).

1936

Heisenberg and Pauli

Physics is now very confused again, anyway it’s too difficult for me and I wish I am a movie comedian and had never heard of physics. I only hope that Bohr will save us with some new idea. Pauli Now everything is in Heisenberg’s hands, to find a way out of the difficulties. Bohr

Triumph after 1927

Professor at Leipzig

Relativity and Quantum physics are Jewish Physics! Heisenberg is only one example of many others. . . They are all representatives of Judaism in German spiritual life who must all be eliminated just as the Jews themselves. --SS newspaper, 1937

Escape

Now, German Atomic Bomb

"Yes, Heisenberg, but. . . " During the spring of 1941, Heisenberg’s research team in Leipzig obtained evidence of neutron multiplication in a reactor experiment—a chain reaction was a practical possibility. Bohr met with Heisenberg sometime during the week of September 15 -21, 1941. There is no contemporary record of what was said during the private meeting, but Bohr was clearly upset by it afterward.

Fortunately it failed! HEISENBERG: The point is that the whole structure of the relationship between the scientist and the state in Germany was such that although we were not 100% anxious to do it, on the other hand we were so little trusted by the state that even if we had wanted to do it, it would not have been easy to get it through.

I wished to procure for science some right to take the initiative in public affairs.

在挫折中，1925夏天Heisenberg逃到Helgoland島！

"Everything is still vague and unclear to me, but it seems as if the electrons will no more move on orbits. " The present paper seeks to establish a basis for theoretical quantum mechanics founded exclusively upon relationships between quantities which in principle are observable.

October 1925 Pauli 用表格法算出了氫原子能階。 Heisenberg’s form completely avoids a mechanicalkinematic visualization of the motion of electrons! Pauli

But. . . Oops! What?

? ? I knew of Heisenberg’s theory, but I felt discouraged, not to say repelled, by the methods o transcendental algebra, which appeared difficult to me, and lacked of visualizability. Schrodinger 1926