CRUSADES Seljuk Turks threatened Constantinople Crusades Alexius I

CRUSADES

Seljuk Turks threatened Constantinople

Crusades Alexius I (Constantinople) asks Pope Urban II (Rome) for help • Protect Constantinople • Liberate Jerusalem and Palestine region

Crusades Urban II called for crusades against – Infidels – A cursed race

Pope Urban II Called For the First Crusade “From Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople comes a grievous report, … An accursed race…has violently invaded the lands of those Christians… “Both knights and footmen, both rich and poor…strive to help expel…from our Christian lands before it is too late… Christ commands it. Remission of sins will be granted for those going thither. ”

Pope Urban II Called For the First Crusade “GOD WILLS IT”

Hopes of Man Europeans Nobles • Men and women left for Holy Land - Few returned • Religious Zeal • Wealth and Land Pope Urban

Hopes of Man Europeans Nobles • Men and women left for Holy Land - Few returned • Religious Zeal • Wealth and Land Pope Urban • Heal the Schism • Increase his power in Europe • Slow the European Wars between lords

First Crusades • Massacred Jewish communities in Europe on way to Jerusalem

First Crusades • Massacred Jewish communities in Europe on way to Jerusalem • French knights overtook Jerusalem in 1099

First Crusades • Massacred Jewish communities in Europe on way to Jerusalem • French knights overtook Jerusalem in 1099 • Massacred Muslim, Jewish, and some Christians

Saladin recaptures Jerusalem 1187 “To us Jerusalem is a precious …as it is to you, because it is the place from where our Prophet made his journey by night to heaven…Do not dream that we will give it up to you” - Saladin

3 rd Crusade 1189 Richard I of England (Richard the Lionheart) Negotiated a settlement with Saladin to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

4 th Crusade • 1193 - Pope Innocent III initiated the 4 th crusade

4 th Crusaders diverted to Constantinople & attacks the city in 1204

4 th Crusade Permanently separated the Catholic Church and Greek Orthodox Church

Port of Acre last Christian outpost conquered (north of Jerusalem) 1291 Just as Bloody as the sacking of Jerusalem – This time - the Christians died

Increased wealth of Genoa and Venice, Italy

Increased wealth of Genoa and Venice, Italy Began Jewish persecution and genocide

Increased wealth of Genoa and Venice, Italy Began Jewish persecution and genocide Fall of Feudalism… Increase power of Kings “Centralized Government”

Increased wealth of Genoa and Venice, Italy Technology: Ships Maps Weapons Began Jewish persecution and genocide Fall of Feudalism… Increase power of Kings

Increased wealth of Genoa and Venice, Italy Technology: Ships Maps Weapons Began Jewish persecution and genocide Fall of Feudalism… Increase power of Kings Development Of Universities

Universities Develop in Europe • New interest in learning from Crusades • Need for priests • Oxford (unknown, 1096) • Cambridge (1209)

Ottoman Turks eventually conquer a weakened Byzantine Empire 1451 Ottoman Turks Sultan Mahmet II: Conqueror of Constantinople

Hagia Sophia Istanbul