World War I 1914 1920 World War I

World War I, 1914– 1920 World War I breaks out in Europe, the United States gets involved in the war, and President Wilson attempts to shape the peace. British soldier eating his dinner in the trenches during World War I. NEXT

World War I, 1914– 1920 SECTION 1 War Breaks Out in Europe SECTION 2 America Joins the Fight SECTION 3 Life on the Home Front SECTION 4 The Legacy of World War I NEXT

Section 1 War Breaks Out in Europe After World War I breaks out, the United States eventually joins the Allied side. NEXT

SECTION 1 War Breaks Out in Europe Causes of World War I • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand starts World War I • War has many underlying causes: - imperialism - nationalism - militarism—belief that nations need a large military force - alliances NEXT

Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip (right) seized by police after fatally shooting Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand his wife on June 28, 1914.

SECTION 1 continued Causes of World War I • European nations are divided into two opposing alliances: - Central Powers—Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria - Allies—Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, 7 other countries Interactive NEXT

SECTION 1 Stalemate in the Trenches • German army invades Belgium, advances into France (1914) • French, British troops stop German advance, 1 st Battle of the Marne • Fight for 3 years in trenches stretches across France, neither side wins • Trench warfare—troops fight in trenches, use artillery, machine guns • Area between opposing trenches called “no man’s land” • Battle of Somme, 1. 2 million casualties, Allies gain about 7 miles NEXT

Soldiers in trenches.

The Lancashire Fusiliers fix bayonets as they prepare to go "over the top" in the Battle of the Somme, July 1916.

Note on the chart how each of the following causes led to World War I European nations competed for colonies. Germany resented having fewer colonies than other nations and wanted to gain more. Europeans wanted to prove the superiority of their nations; also, certain ethnic groups were willing to fight to form their own separate nations. Europeans had built up their military forces before the war. Conflicts between two nations drew their allies into a larger war. touched off war by giving Austria. Hungary a reason to fight Serbia.

SECTION 1 A War of New Technology • New technology raises death toll • Tanks, British invention, smashes barbed wire, crosses trenches • Machine guns fire 600 bullets a minute, poison gas burns, blinds • WWI 1 st major conflict that uses fighter airplanes • U-boats—submarines used by Germans to block trade NEXT

British motorized machine gun battery near the Somme

Water cooled German Maxim machine gun. Same rpm as Vickers. This weapon accounted for 90% of the British casualties on the opening day of the Somme Offensive, 1 -Jul-1916.

Tanks • British Invention • Crossed trenches • Reason= combat machine guns • 1 st used at the Battle of the Somme

French Schneider

Canadians get a lift on a British Mark IV. They wont get where they're going fast - this tank's top speed was 4 mph.

Airplanes • • 1 st used in combat during WWI Mainly observation Some air to air combat Dropped bombs late in the war but had little impact

German U-boat (1917).

SECTION 1 America’s Path to War • U. S. President Woodrow Wilson announces policy of neutrality • neutrality—refusing to take sides in a war • Britain sets up naval blockade of German ports • U-boat sinks British passenger ship Lusitania, kills 1, 198 total, 128 Americans • Wilson demands that Germany stop unrestricted submarine warfare • Germany at first agrees, Wilson wins reelection • Germany resumes submarine warfare, January 1917 Continued. . . NEXT

New York Times headline about the German sinking of the British ocean liner Lusitania on May 7, 1915.

SECTION 1 continued America’s Path to War • British intercept Zimmermann telegram: - sent by German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann - proposes that Mexico join the Germans - Germany will help Mexico get back “lost” territories in U. S. • U. S. furious about telegram, U-boats sink 3 U. S. ships • President Wilson asks for declaration of war, Congress votes for war NEXT

Describe the new style of warfare and the new weapons that made World War I different from earlier wars. Soldiers fought from protected ditches, suffered many casualties, and gained little ground. Tanks smashed obstacles and protected soldiers inside; machine guns fired 600 bullets a minute; poison gas burned and blinded soldiers; fighter planes shot from the air; submarines sank ships.

SECTION 1 Revolution in Russia • Russian army is outfought by smaller German army (1915) • Food shortages, inflation lead to strikes by angry Russian workers • Czar Nicholas II of Russia steps down (1917) • Communists led by Vladimir Lenin overthrow temporary government • Lenin makes peace with Germany (1918) • German troops turn from Russia to the Western front Communist revolutionaries unfurl a Red Flag in Moscow (1918). NEXT

Russian Revolution • Bolsheviks (part of the Communist Party) take control • Vladimir Lenin-- Leader • Did not support the war

Treaty of Brest- Litovsk Russians made peace with the Central Powers and withdrew from war

Make a time line showing four events that led the United States to declare war on Germany. Start with May 1915— German submarin es sink Lusitania. February 1917— Zimmermann telegram proposing a German alliance with Mexico is discovered. January 1917— Germans resume unrestricted submarine warfare. March 1917— Germans sink 3 American ships.

Section 2 America Joins the Fight U. S. forces help the Allies win World War I. NEXT

SECTION 2 America Joins the Fight Raising an Army and a Navy • Congress passes Selective Service Act May 1917: - males, ages 21 to 30, sign up for military service - by 1918, 3 million men are drafted • Serve under General John J. Pershing as American Expeditionary Force • 50, 000 U. S. women serve, mostly nurses, some do other work • 400, 000 African Americans serve, face discrimination NEXT

AEF • American Expeditionary Force (U. S. Troops) • Led by John J. Pershing • “Doughboys”

Women welding bomb casings in an American munitions factory (about 1917).

SECTION 2 American Ships Make a Difference • Convoy system—heavy guard of destroyers escort merchant ships • Reduces loss rate of U. S. supply ships from German U-boat attacks • North Sea minefield prevents U-boat access to North Atlantic NEXT

Answer the following questions about the American experience in World War I. It passed the Selective Service Act and drafted 3 million men between 21 and 30. About 50, 000 women served as Red Cross workers, clerical workers, nurses, interpreters, switchboard operators, entertainers, and ambulance drivers. About 400, 000 African Americans served, half of them in France. Two African-American combat divisions were created. They suggested the convoy system to protect merchant ships and suggested putting mines in the North Sea to keep U-boats out of the North Atlantic.

SECTION 2 American Troops Enter the War • About 14, 000 U. S. troops arrive in France (June 1917) • Germans launch offensive, smash through French lines (March 1918) • One million U. S. troops arrive ready for combat • Take Cantigny from Germans, help French troops stop German advance • Defeat Germans at Belleau Wood NEXT

Failed German Offensive • Chateau- Thierry • Belleau Wood • Reims American aid greatly influenced Allied success

SECTION 2 Pushing the Germans Back • Second Battle of the Marne, turning point, Allies force Germans back • Meuse-Argonne offensive, final battle of war: - leaves 26, 000 Americans dead - Germans retreat • U. S. soldier Alvin York kills 25, captures 132 German soldiers • U. S. pilot Eddie Rickenbacker shoots down 26 enemy planes • 4 African-American combat units receive recognition for battle valor Interactive NEXT

The River Marne, 1918 Watching the Americans Dig In 1 st Division Troops on the Attack Men of the 42 nd Division Prior to the Marne Several of these men were killed by artillery fire just 5 minutes after the photo.

Sgt. York Wearing Medal of Honor Eddie Rickenbacker

Answer the following questions about the American experience in World War I. They helped beat back German advances in France. Alvin York, Eddie Rickenbacker, and four African-American regiments—the 369 th, 370 th, 371 st, and 372 nd

SECTION 2 Germany Stops Fighting • Germany’s navy mutinies, its allies drop out, the Kaiser steps down • Germany agrees to armistice—an end to fighting (November 11, 1918) • 8. 5 million soldiers die in war, 21 million are wounded • Millions of civilians die from starvation and disease during the war NEXT

Answer the following questions about the American experience in World War I. The Germans stopped fighting, their allies dropped out, the Kaiser stepped down, and they agreed to an armistice in November 1918. About 8. 5 million soldiers died and about 21 million were wounded. Millions of civilians also died from starvation and disease.

Section 3 Life on the Home Front The war requires sacrifice for Americans at home and changes life in other ways. NEXT

SECTION 3 Life on the Home Front Mobilizing for War • Americans buy war bonds, pay for two-thirds of war costs • War bonds—low interest loans by civilians to government • Patriotic citizens limit food intake, save gas, have scrap drives • Government limits civilian use of steel, other metals Movie star Douglas Fairbanks selling war bonds (Liberty Loans) during the third drive at the Sub-Treasury Building (about 1914). Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued Mobilizing for War • President Wilson sets up War Industries Board: - buys, distributes war materials, sets production goals, sets prices • Committee on Public Information produces war propaganda • Propaganda—opinions that influence the actions of others NEXT

SECTION 3 Intolerance and Suspicion • Patriotic propaganda wins war support, fuels prejudice • Espionage Act (1917), Sedition Act (1918), laws that: - set heavy fines, prison terms for doing antiwar activities - make it illegal to criticize war World War I propaganda poster showing a German soldier with bloody bayonet and fingers (1918), Frederick Strothmann. Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued Intolerance and Suspicion • Schenk v. United States—upholds Espionage Act (1919) • Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. argues that: - free speech can be limited especially during wartime Oliver Wendell Holmes, associate justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. NEXT

Answer the questions about life for American civilians during World War I. It borrowed money by selling war bonds to civilians. It created the Committee on Public Information, which produced propaganda that persuaded people to support the war. It convinced civilians to conserve food by eating less and planting victory gardens. It also convinced civilians to collect metal and other needed materials. It passed the Espionage and Sedition Acts, which set fines and prison terms for antiwar activities.

Schenck v. United States Do you agree with the supreme courts decision? Reason #1 Facts/ Examples Reason #2 Facts/ Examples

SECTION 3 New Jobs and the Great Migration • Northern factories hire workers they had once rejected • Many African Americans move North, jobs, better life—Great Migration • Mexican revolution causes many Mexicans to flee to American Southwest • Wartime labor shortage makes new jobs available for women • Women’s contributions during war help them win the vote NEXT

SECTION 3 The Flu Epidemic of 1918 • Flu epidemic is spread by soldiers around the world (1918) • Kills more than 20 million people worldwide, takes 500, 000 U. S. lives • In the army, more than one-quarter of soldiers catch the disease The New York Times issue of October 24, 1918, reporting on the fight against influenza. NEXT

Note the war’s economic effects on African Americans, Mexicans, and women. Below the chart, briefly state what was similar about their experiences. about 500, 000 left the South to take factory jobs in Northern cities left Mexico to take farm jobs in the American Southwest and factory jobs in Northern cities. replaced male workers in factory jobs; also took other jobs they had not held before, such as streetcar conductors and elevator operators All three groups found new jobs open to them.

Section 4 The Legacy of World War I After the war, Americans are divided over foreign policy and domestic issues. NEXT

SECTION 4 The Legacy of World War I Wilson’s Fourteen Points • President Wilson’s Fourteen Points, goals for peace: - smaller military forces - end to secret treaties - freedom of the seas - free trade - change in national boundaries - organization of a League of Nations • League of Nations—international group, settle conflicts by negotiation NEXT

SECTION 4 Treaty of Versailles • Peace treaty ending World War I—Treaty of Versailles: - forces Germany to accept full blame for war - strips Germany of its colonies, most of its armed forces - burdens Germany with $33 billion in reparations • Reparations—money defeated nation pays for war destruction Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 4 continued Treaty of Versailles • Treaty of Versailles: - divides up Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire - creates Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, recognizes Poland’s independence - creates a League of Nations • Republican-run U. S. Senate against treaty, League • Wilson campaigns for treaty, U. S. does not ratify treaty, joins League NEXT

Note what President Wilson proposed in his Fourteen Points and what European nations demanded in the Treaty of Versailles. smaller military forces, an end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, changes in national boundaries, a League of Nations to settle disputes peacefully Germany stripped of its colonies and armed forces, Germany forced to pay $33 billion in reparations, boundary changes that broke up empires, League of Nations Both plans called for boundary changes and a League of Nations.

If you had been a U. S. senator in 1919, would you have voted for or against the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations? Facts/ Examples Reason #1 Facts/ Examples For or against Treaty of Versailles? Facts/ Examples Reason #2 Facts/ Examples

SECTION 4 Strikes and the Red Scare • Shortly after war, U. S. has several labor strikes • Strikes spark fear of Communist revolution in the U. S. —Red Scare • Palmer raids—U. S. agents arrest at least 6, 000 suspected radicals • Anarchists Nicola Sacco, Bartolomeo Vanzetti arrested for killing 2 men • Sacco, Vanzetti claim innocence, found guilty, executed NEXT

Bartolomeo Vanzetti (left) and Nicola Sacco arriving at court in Massachusetts, where they received death sentence for murdering two men in a robbery.

SECTION 4 Racial Tensions Increase • Great Migration brings half million African Americans, Northern cities • Whites, blacks compete for jobs, cause race riot in East St. Louis • African-American soldiers returning from war face discrimination • Black resentment about unfair conditions, race riots in 25 cities (1919) NEXT

SECTION 4 Longing for “Normalcy” • Americans worn out by strikes, riots, Red Scare, World War I • Republican presidential candidate is Warren G. Harding • Promises a return to normalcy, wins a landslide victory NEXT

Briefly note how each set of events harmed the country. paralyzed cities. terrified people and led to the Palmer raids, arrests which violated the civil rights of Thousands stirred up hatred of foreigners broke out in 25 cities during the summer of 1919 and left many dead

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