Quantitative Composition of Compounds Preparation for College Chemistry
![Quantitative Composition of Compounds Preparation for College Chemistry Luis Avila Columbia University Department of Quantitative Composition of Compounds Preparation for College Chemistry Luis Avila Columbia University Department of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-1.jpg)
![Depending upon Bonding type Compounds Molecular (Covalent bonds) Ionic (Coulombic forces) Molecules Cations Anions Depending upon Bonding type Compounds Molecular (Covalent bonds) Ionic (Coulombic forces) Molecules Cations Anions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-2.jpg)
![Claude Berthollet: Proportions by mass of elements in a compound VARY OVER A CERTAIN Claude Berthollet: Proportions by mass of elements in a compound VARY OVER A CERTAIN](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-3.jpg)
![Certain SOLIDS are exceptions of the Law of Constant Composition: NON STOICHIOMETRIC COMPOUNDS (BERTHOLLIDES) Certain SOLIDS are exceptions of the Law of Constant Composition: NON STOICHIOMETRIC COMPOUNDS (BERTHOLLIDES)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-4.jpg)
![The composition of a compound is shown by its CHEMICAL FORMULA. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS: Let’s The composition of a compound is shown by its CHEMICAL FORMULA. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS: Let’s](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-5.jpg)
![Molecules Composition Types of Formulas Molecules Composition Types of Formulas](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-6.jpg)
![Composition Held together by covalent bonds Usually made up of nonmetal atoms Composition Held together by covalent bonds Usually made up of nonmetal atoms](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-7.jpg)
![Types of Formulas Empirical CH 3 Molecular C 2 H 6 Structural Types of Formulas Empirical CH 3 Molecular C 2 H 6 Structural](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-8.jpg)
![Atomic and Formula Masses of Individual Atoms Meaning of Atomic Masses Formula Mass Atomic and Formula Masses of Individual Atoms Meaning of Atomic Masses Formula Mass](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-9.jpg)
![Masses of Individual Atoms The atomic masses of H, Cl, and Ni are H Masses of Individual Atoms The atomic masses of H, Cl, and Ni are H](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-10.jpg)
![Meaning of Atomic Masses • Give relative masses of atoms based on C– 12 Meaning of Atomic Masses • Give relative masses of atoms based on C– 12](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-11.jpg)
![Masses of Individual Atoms Mass of H atom: 1 H atom x 1. 008 Masses of Individual Atoms Mass of H atom: 1 H atom x 1. 008](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-12.jpg)
![Formula Mass The formula for water is H 2 O. What is its molar Formula Mass The formula for water is H 2 O. What is its molar](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-13.jpg)
![The Mole Meaning Molar Mass Mole - Mass Conversions The Mole Meaning Molar Mass Mole - Mass Conversions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-14.jpg)
![Meaning 1 mol = 6. 022 x 1023 items Cl 2 HCl H Cl Meaning 1 mol = 6. 022 x 1023 items Cl 2 HCl H Cl](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-15.jpg)
![Molar Mass Generalizing from the previous examples, the molar mass, M, is numerically equal Molar Mass Generalizing from the previous examples, the molar mass, M, is numerically equal](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-16.jpg)
![Mole-Mass Conversions Calculate mass in grams of 13. 2 mol Ca. Cl 2 mass Mole-Mass Conversions Calculate mass in grams of 13. 2 mol Ca. Cl 2 mass](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-17.jpg)
![Calculating Composition % Composition from Formula % Composition from Experimental Data Empirical Formula from Calculating Composition % Composition from Formula % Composition from Experimental Data Empirical Formula from](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-18.jpg)
![Mass % from Formula Percent composition of potassium dichromate, K 2 Cr 2 O Mass % from Formula Percent composition of potassium dichromate, K 2 Cr 2 O](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-19.jpg)
![% Composition from Experimental Data Aluminum chloride is formed by reacting 13. 43 g % Composition from Experimental Data Aluminum chloride is formed by reacting 13. 43 g](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-20.jpg)
![Empirical Formula from % Composition Empirical formula of compound containing 26. 6% K, 35. Empirical Formula from % Composition Empirical formula of compound containing 26. 6% K, 35.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-21.jpg)
![Empirical Formula from % Composition moles O = 38. 0 g x 1 mol Empirical Formula from % Composition moles O = 38. 0 g x 1 mol](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-22.jpg)
![Empirical Formula from Analytical Data A sample of acetic acid (C, H, O atoms) Empirical Formula from Analytical Data A sample of acetic acid (C, H, O atoms)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-23.jpg)
![Empirical Formula from Analytical Data mass H = 0. 6001 g H 2 O Empirical Formula from Analytical Data mass H = 0. 6001 g H 2 O](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-24.jpg)
![Simplest Formula from Analytical Data moles C = 0. 394 g C x 1 Simplest Formula from Analytical Data moles C = 0. 394 g C x 1](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-25.jpg)
![Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula Must know molar mass Calculate empirical and molecular formulas Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula Must know molar mass Calculate empirical and molecular formulas](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-26.jpg)
![Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula Divide each value by smaller number of moles Empirical Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula Divide each value by smaller number of moles Empirical](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-27.jpg)
- Slides: 27
![Quantitative Composition of Compounds Preparation for College Chemistry Luis Avila Columbia University Department of Quantitative Composition of Compounds Preparation for College Chemistry Luis Avila Columbia University Department of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-1.jpg)
Quantitative Composition of Compounds Preparation for College Chemistry Luis Avila Columbia University Department of Chemistry
![Depending upon Bonding type Compounds Molecular Covalent bonds Ionic Coulombic forces Molecules Cations Anions Depending upon Bonding type Compounds Molecular (Covalent bonds) Ionic (Coulombic forces) Molecules Cations Anions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-2.jpg)
Depending upon Bonding type Compounds Molecular (Covalent bonds) Ionic (Coulombic forces) Molecules Cations Anions
![Claude Berthollet Proportions by mass of elements in a compound VARY OVER A CERTAIN Claude Berthollet: Proportions by mass of elements in a compound VARY OVER A CERTAIN](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-3.jpg)
Claude Berthollet: Proportions by mass of elements in a compound VARY OVER A CERTAIN RANGE Joseph Proust: Proportions by mass of elements in a compound ARE FIXED. VARIATIONS ARE DUE TO IMPURITIES. Careful experimentation lead Proust to demonstrate THE LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS (CONSTANT COMPOSITION): “The proportions by mass of the elements in a compound ARE FIXED, and do not depend on its mode of preparation. ” H 2(g) + Cl 2(g) H 2 SO 4(l) + 2 Na. Cl(s) 2 HCl(g) + Na 2 SO 4(aq)
![Certain SOLIDS are exceptions of the Law of Constant Composition NON STOICHIOMETRIC COMPOUNDS BERTHOLLIDES Certain SOLIDS are exceptions of the Law of Constant Composition: NON STOICHIOMETRIC COMPOUNDS (BERTHOLLIDES)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-4.jpg)
Certain SOLIDS are exceptions of the Law of Constant Composition: NON STOICHIOMETRIC COMPOUNDS (BERTHOLLIDES) Wüstite, an iron oxide whose simplest formula is Fe. O, with 77. 73%Fe. Its composition truly ranges from Fe 0. 95 O (76. 8% Fe) to Fe 0. 85 O (74. 8% Fe) depending of the method of preparation. All gaseous compounds OBEY THE LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS.
![The composition of a compound is shown by its CHEMICAL FORMULA CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Lets The composition of a compound is shown by its CHEMICAL FORMULA. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS: Let’s](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-5.jpg)
The composition of a compound is shown by its CHEMICAL FORMULA. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS: Let’s take the elements C and O: C + O 2 A (1. 000 g C and 1. 333 g O) B (1. 000 g C and 2. 667 g O) For a FIXED mass of C the ratio of O in A and B is: If A is CO then B = CO 2 1. 333 : 2. 667 or 1: 2 If A is CO 2 then B is C 2 O 4 We are unable to say which one is the right formula, but we know the ratio C : O is the QUOTIENT OF INTEGERS.
![Molecules Composition Types of Formulas Molecules Composition Types of Formulas](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-6.jpg)
Molecules Composition Types of Formulas
![Composition Held together by covalent bonds Usually made up of nonmetal atoms Composition Held together by covalent bonds Usually made up of nonmetal atoms](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-7.jpg)
Composition Held together by covalent bonds Usually made up of nonmetal atoms
![Types of Formulas Empirical CH 3 Molecular C 2 H 6 Structural Types of Formulas Empirical CH 3 Molecular C 2 H 6 Structural](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-8.jpg)
Types of Formulas Empirical CH 3 Molecular C 2 H 6 Structural
![Atomic and Formula Masses of Individual Atoms Meaning of Atomic Masses Formula Mass Atomic and Formula Masses of Individual Atoms Meaning of Atomic Masses Formula Mass](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-9.jpg)
Atomic and Formula Masses of Individual Atoms Meaning of Atomic Masses Formula Mass
![Masses of Individual Atoms The atomic masses of H Cl and Ni are H Masses of Individual Atoms The atomic masses of H, Cl, and Ni are H](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-10.jpg)
Masses of Individual Atoms The atomic masses of H, Cl, and Ni are H = 1. 008 amu Cl = 35. 45 amu Ni = 58. 69 amu Therefore 1. 008 g H, 35. 45 g Cl, and 58. 69 g Ni all have the same number of atoms: NA NA = Avogadro’s number = 6. 022 x 1023
![Meaning of Atomic Masses Give relative masses of atoms based on C 12 Meaning of Atomic Masses • Give relative masses of atoms based on C– 12](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-11.jpg)
Meaning of Atomic Masses • Give relative masses of atoms based on C– 12 scale • The Most common isotope of carbon is assigned an atomic mass of 12 amu. • The amu is defined as 1/12 of the mass of one neutral carbon atom
![Masses of Individual Atoms Mass of H atom 1 H atom x 1 008 Masses of Individual Atoms Mass of H atom: 1 H atom x 1. 008](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-12.jpg)
Masses of Individual Atoms Mass of H atom: 1 H atom x 1. 008 g H 6. 022 x 1023 atoms 1. 674 x 10– 24 g Number of atoms in one gram of nickel: 6. 022 x 1023 atoms Ni 58. 69 g Ni 1. 00 g Ni x 1. 026 x 1022 atoms = =
![Formula Mass The formula for water is H 2 O What is its molar Formula Mass The formula for water is H 2 O. What is its molar](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-13.jpg)
Formula Mass The formula for water is H 2 O. What is its molar mass? 2 H = 2(1. 008�g/mol)�= � 2. 016 g/mol 1 O = 1(16. 00 g/mol) = 16. 00 g/mol 18. 02 g/mol = molar mass of water
![The Mole Meaning Molar Mass Mole Mass Conversions The Mole Meaning Molar Mass Mole - Mass Conversions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-14.jpg)
The Mole Meaning Molar Mass Mole - Mass Conversions
![Meaning 1 mol 6 022 x 1023 items Cl 2 HCl H Cl Meaning 1 mol = 6. 022 x 1023 items Cl 2 HCl H Cl](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-15.jpg)
Meaning 1 mol = 6. 022 x 1023 items Cl 2 HCl H Cl 6. 022 x 1023 molecules atoms 70. 90 g Cl 2 36. 46 g HCl 1. 008 g H 35. 45 g Cl 1 mol Cl 2 1 mol HCl 1 at-gr H 1 at-gr Cl 1 molar mass Cl 2 1 molar mass HCl 1 molar mass Cl H
![Molar Mass Generalizing from the previous examples the molar mass M is numerically equal Molar Mass Generalizing from the previous examples, the molar mass, M, is numerically equal](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-16.jpg)
Molar Mass Generalizing from the previous examples, the molar mass, M, is numerically equal to the formula mass
![MoleMass Conversions Calculate mass in grams of 13 2 mol Ca Cl 2 mass Mole-Mass Conversions Calculate mass in grams of 13. 2 mol Ca. Cl 2 mass](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-17.jpg)
Mole-Mass Conversions Calculate mass in grams of 13. 2 mol Ca. Cl 2 mass = 13. 2 mol Ca. Cl 2 x 110. 98 g Ca. Cl 2 1 mol Ca. Cl 2 = 1. 47 x 103 g Calculate number of moles in 16. 4 g C 6 H 12 O 6 1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6 moles = 16. 4 g C 6 H 12 O 6 x 180. 18 g C 6 H 12 O 6 = 9. 10 x 10 -2 mol
![Calculating Composition Composition from Formula Composition from Experimental Data Empirical Formula from Calculating Composition % Composition from Formula % Composition from Experimental Data Empirical Formula from](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-18.jpg)
Calculating Composition % Composition from Formula % Composition from Experimental Data Empirical Formula from % Composition Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula
![Mass from Formula Percent composition of potassium dichromate K 2 Cr 2 O Mass % from Formula Percent composition of potassium dichromate, K 2 Cr 2 O](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-19.jpg)
Mass % from Formula Percent composition of potassium dichromate, K 2 Cr 2 O 7? molar mass K 2 Cr 2 O 7 = (78. 20 + 104. 00 + 112. 00)g/mol = 294. 20 g/mol %K = 78. 20 294. 20 %Cr = 104. 00 x 100 = 35. 35% 294. 20 %O = 112. 00 294. 20 x 100 = 26. 58% x 100 = 38. 07% Note that percents must add to 100
![Composition from Experimental Data Aluminum chloride is formed by reacting 13 43 g % Composition from Experimental Data Aluminum chloride is formed by reacting 13. 43 g](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-20.jpg)
% Composition from Experimental Data Aluminum chloride is formed by reacting 13. 43 g aluminum with 53. 18 g chlorine. What is the % composition of the compound? q q Calculate mass of compound formed Divide mass of each element by total mass of compound and multiply by 100.
![Empirical Formula from Composition Empirical formula of compound containing 26 6 K 35 Empirical Formula from % Composition Empirical formula of compound containing 26. 6% K, 35.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-21.jpg)
Empirical Formula from % Composition Empirical formula of compound containing 26. 6% K, 35. 4% Cr, 38. 0% O work with 100 g sample: 26. 6 g K, 35. 4 g Cr, 38. 0 g O moles K = 26. 6 g x 1 mol 39. 10 g moles Cr = 35. 4 g x 1 mol = 0. 681 mol Cr 52. 00 g = 0. 680 mol K
![Empirical Formula from Composition moles O 38 0 g x 1 mol Empirical Formula from % Composition moles O = 38. 0 g x 1 mol](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-22.jpg)
Empirical Formula from % Composition moles O = 38. 0 g x 1 mol = 2. 38 mol O 16. 00 g Note that 2. 38 / 0. 680 = 3. 50 = 7 / 2 Empirical formula: K 2 Cr 2 O 7 Potassium Dichromate?
![Empirical Formula from Analytical Data A sample of acetic acid C H O atoms Empirical Formula from Analytical Data A sample of acetic acid (C, H, O atoms)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-23.jpg)
Empirical Formula from Analytical Data A sample of acetic acid (C, H, O atoms) weighing 1. 000 g burns to give 1. 446 g CO 2 and 0. 6001 g H 2 O. Empirical formula? Solution: find mass of C in sample (from CO 2) find mass of H in sample (from H 2 O) find mass of O by difference
![Empirical Formula from Analytical Data mass H 0 6001 g H 2 O Empirical Formula from Analytical Data mass H = 0. 6001 g H 2 O](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-24.jpg)
Empirical Formula from Analytical Data mass H = 0. 6001 g H 2 O x 2. 02 g H 18. 02 g H 2 O = 0. 0673 g H mass O = 1. 00 g – 0. 394 g – 0. 067 g = 0. 539 g O
![Simplest Formula from Analytical Data moles C 0 394 g C x 1 Simplest Formula from Analytical Data moles C = 0. 394 g C x 1](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-25.jpg)
Simplest Formula from Analytical Data moles C = 0. 394 g C x 1 mol C 12. 01 g C = 0. 0328 mol C moles H = 0. 0673 g H x 1 mol H = 0. 0668 mol H 1. 008 g H moles O = 0. 533 g O x 1 mol O 16. 00 g O = 0. 0333 mol O Empirical formula is CH 2 O
![Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula Must know molar mass Calculate empirical and molecular formulas Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula Must know molar mass Calculate empirical and molecular formulas](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-26.jpg)
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula Must know molar mass Calculate empirical and molecular formulas of a compound that contains 80%C, 20%H, and has a molar mass of 30. 00 g/mol.
![Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula Divide each value by smaller number of moles Empirical Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula Divide each value by smaller number of moles Empirical](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2a3e8903e5647713ceafa2f7519a6dc6/image-27.jpg)
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula Divide each value by smaller number of moles Empirical Formula: CH 3 Molecular Formula: (CH 3)2 = C 2 H 6
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