Quantitative Traits Mendelian Genetics of Quantitative Traits Quantitative

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Quantitative Traits

Quantitative Traits

Mendelian Genetics of Quantitative Traits

Mendelian Genetics of Quantitative Traits

Quantitative Results for Nicotiana longiflora

Quantitative Results for Nicotiana longiflora

Diopsids - Stalk-eyed Flies (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni) • Wilkinson, Amitin & Johns Integr. Comp. Biol.

Diopsids - Stalk-eyed Flies (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni) • Wilkinson, Amitin & Johns Integr. Comp. Biol. , 2005

QTL mapping: Mimulus phylogeny

QTL mapping: Mimulus phylogeny

QTL mapping: Mimulus hybrids

QTL mapping: Mimulus hybrids

Characteristics M. Cardinalis M. Lewisii Purple pigment high low Yellow pigment high low Lateral

Characteristics M. Cardinalis M. Lewisii Purple pigment high low Yellow pigment high low Lateral petal width high low Corolla width low high Corolla projected area low high Upper petal reflexing high low Lateral petal reflexing high low Stamen length high low Pistil length high low Corolla aperture width low high Corolla aperture height high low Pollinator attraction Pollinator reward nectar volume Pollinator efficiency

Bradshaw, et al. 1998

Bradshaw, et al. 1998

QTL mapping: predictions

QTL mapping: predictions

Selection gradients

Selection gradients

Skypilots

Skypilots

Heritability of flower size 1/2 h 2=0. 5

Heritability of flower size 1/2 h 2=0. 5

Relative fitness

Relative fitness

Selection gradient = slope Selection gradient = 0. 13 S (selection differential) = selection

Selection gradient = slope Selection gradient = 0. 13 S (selection differential) = selection gradient*variance S = 0. 13*5. 66 mm = 0. 74 mm S = 0. 74 mm/14. 2 mm mean flower size = 0. 05

Expected R = h 2 S = 1 x 0. 05 = 0. 05

Expected R = h 2 S = 1 x 0. 05 = 0. 05 Observed = 9% larger

Heritability of abdominal bristles in D. melanogaster Clayton, et al. 1957

Heritability of abdominal bristles in D. melanogaster Clayton, et al. 1957

 • • Flies with >22 bristles bred to create generation 2 Mean bristle

• • Flies with >22 bristles bred to create generation 2 Mean bristle number G 1 = 19. 3 Mean bristle number of selected G 1 = 22. 7 Mean bristle number G 2 = 20. 1

G 1 n = 115; mean bristle number = G 1 selected n =

G 1 n = 115; mean bristle number = G 1 selected n = 22; mean bristles = 22. 7 G 2 n = 101; mean bristles = 20. 1 = 2221/115 = 19. 3

h 2 =

h 2 =

Rough-skinned Newts

Rough-skinned Newts

Rough-skinned Newts

Rough-skinned Newts

Broad-nosed Pipefish

Broad-nosed Pipefish

Broad-nosed Pipefish

Broad-nosed Pipefish

Survival (%) Frequency

Survival (%) Frequency

Side-blotched Lizards • Sinervo & Lively, 1996

Side-blotched Lizards • Sinervo & Lively, 1996

Frequency of Male Morphs 0. 8 0. 7 Frequency of Morph 0. 6 0.

Frequency of Male Morphs 0. 8 0. 7 Frequency of Morph 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Damselfly penis

Damselfly penis

African Widow Bird • Andersson (1982), Nature

African Widow Bird • Andersson (1982), Nature

Male tail treatments Extra-pair copulations/hr Shortened Control 1 Control 2 Elongated By males 0

Male tail treatments Extra-pair copulations/hr Shortened Control 1 Control 2 Elongated By males 0 0. 04 By female partners 0. 36 0. 014 0. 017 0

Table 10. 3 Fitness of lang-call vs. short-call Fitness measure High Food Low Food

Table 10. 3 Fitness of lang-call vs. short-call Fitness measure High Food Low Food Larval growth LC better Time to metamorphosis LC better NSD Mass at metamorphosis NSD Larval survival NSD Postmetamorphic growth NSD LC better

Direct Benefits resource acquistion • Proc. R. Soc. Lond. , 1994

Direct Benefits resource acquistion • Proc. R. Soc. Lond. , 1994

Xiphophorus phylogeny

Xiphophorus phylogeny

Run Away Sexual Selection

Run Away Sexual Selection

Diopsids - Stalk-eyed Flies (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni) • Wilkinson, Amitin & Johns Integr. Comp. Biol.

Diopsids - Stalk-eyed Flies (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni) • Wilkinson, Amitin & Johns Integr. Comp. Biol. , 2005

Run Away Sexual Selection

Run Away Sexual Selection

No. surviving

No. surviving

Reduced Egg Investment Can Conceal Helper Effects in Cooperatively Breeding Birds A. F. Russell,

Reduced Egg Investment Can Conceal Helper Effects in Cooperatively Breeding Birds A. F. Russell, 1, 2*† N. E. Langmore, 3 A. Cockburn, 3, 4 L. B. Astheimer, 5 R. M. Kilner 6* Cooperative breeding systems are characterized by nonbreeding helpers that assist breeders in offspring care. However, the benefits to offspring of being fed by parents and helpers in cooperatively breeding birds can be difficult to detect. We offer experimental evidence that helper effects can be obscured by an undocumented maternal tactic. In superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus), mothers breeding in the presence of helpers lay smaller eggs of lower nutritional content that produce lighter chicks, as compared with those laying eggs in the absence of helpers. Helpers compensate fully for such reductions in investment and allow mothers to benefit through increased survival to the next breeding season. We suggest that failure to consider maternal egg-investment strategies can lead to underestimation of the force of selection acting on helping in avian cooperative breeders. • Science, 2007

Male Sex Ratio Bias • 2000 “By participation in social thermoregulation, subordinate males may

Male Sex Ratio Bias • 2000 “By participation in social thermoregulation, subordinate males may repay part of the investment they received from their parents and thus become less costly to produce. ”

Male Sex Ratio Bias • PNAS, 2005

Male Sex Ratio Bias • PNAS, 2005

Altruistic Cannibalism? B=2 C=0

Altruistic Cannibalism? B=2 C=0

Brood Parasitism

Brood Parasitism

Brood Parasitism

Brood Parasitism

Reciprocal Altruism

Reciprocal Altruism