Modern Biology Biochemistry Carbon Compounds Organic compounds compounds
Modern Biology Biochemistry
Carbon Compounds � Organic compounds › compounds of living organisms › All contain Carbon atoms �Has 4 available electrons �Allows for great variety of compounds �Rings �Chains �branches
Carbon, con’t �Forms strong covalent bonds �Single �Double �triple
Functional Groups � A cluster of atoms that influence or control the molecule they are a part of and who they react with › Hydroxyl (OH) – part of all alcohols (carbohydrates) and lipids › Carboxyl (COOH) – part of amino acids which are part of proteins, also part of lipids › Amine (NH 2) – part of amino acids which are part of proteins › Phosphates – (PO 4) – found in nucleic acids, and sugars (carbohydrates)
Large Carbon Molecule Monomer – small simple molecules � Polymers - repeated monomers �
Creating and Breaking polymers › Condensation reactions: at H on one monomer and OH on another monomer › Hydrolysis – breaks monomers apart
Energy Currency Carbohydrates – acquire energy from the sun � Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – the energy that most organisms use that comes from carbohydrates � › Becomes ADP when energy is released to the cell
Molecules of Life= Macro Organic Molecules � Carbohydrates � Proteins � Lipids � Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates Organic molecules � Made of CHO � Source of immediate energy � Sugars and starches � Found in pasta, breads, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, etc. � Monosaccharide has 1: 2: 1 ratio of C: H: O �
Carbohydrates, con’t Glucose is the simplest sugar- that provides energy for cells � Most common: glucose, fructose (fruit sugar), galactose › Isomers – same formula but different shape �Glucose �fructose �
Carbohydrates, con’t � Disaccharides › 2 sugars bonded together �Sucrose (table sugar)= fructose +glucose �Lactose (milk sugar) =glucose + galactose
� Carbohydrates, con’t Polysaccharide › Chains of sugars bonded together (aka complex carbohydrate) – up to 1000’s of monomers ›.
Carbohydrates, con’t types of polysaccharides › Glycogen – stored polysaccharides in the liver › Starch – stored polysaccharides in plants › Cellulose – polysaccharide also made by plants – makes up 50% of wood. We can’t digest it, but some bacteria can
Proteins � Organic compound � Made of CHON
Proteins, con’t � Monomer is called an amino acid � Polymer is amino acids bonded to each other › Peptide bonds created by condensation �.
Protein, con’t � Amino acid composed of › Amine › Carboxyl group › R group (unique to each amino acid) › H atom � � Proteins are polypeptides 20 naturally occurring amino acids
Proteins, con’t � Functions › Movement – muscle compounds are protein › Structure – forms connective fibers
Proteins, con’t › Functions, con’t �Transport – hemoglobin transports oxygen �Storage – casein in milk stores amino acids for babies
Proteins, con’t › Functions, con’t �Regulation – some hormones – insulin
Proteins, con’t Functions, con’t Defense – antibodies are proteins
Proteins, con’t �Functions, con’t �Biochemical control – enzymes �Proteins that speed up reactions �Substrate – what the enzyme is acting upon- substance being changed �Active site – where the enzyme binds and where change takes place
Lipids Nonpolar organic molecule � Composed of CHO – no ratio, some P � Store lots of energy � Types › Fatty Acids- most abundant �Hydrophilic end (water loving) �Hydrophobic end (water hating) �
Lipids, con’t �Can be saturated – �all C-C single bonds � holds all the H possible �Not healthy �Unsaturated �some C=C double bonds �More H could be added �More healthy fat
Lipids, types con’t › Triglycerides � 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol �Saturated : butter and animal fat, solid at room temp �Unsaturated: plant seeds, soft and liquid at room temp › Phospholipids �Found in cell membranes (lipid bi-layer) � 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol
Lipids, types con’t › Waxes �Long fatty acid attached to long alcohol �Waterproof plants, and protects surfaces of living organisms
Lipids, types con’t › Steroids � 4 fused carbon rings �Many hormones �Testosterone �cholesterol
Nucleic Acids � VERY large molecules � Two kinds › DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid �Contain hereditary information › RNA- ribonucleic acid �Transfers DNA information to make proteins �Some act as enzymes
Nucleic Acid, con’t � Complex molecule containing nucleotides › Sugars �DNA – deoxy-ribose sugar (5 carbon) �RNA – ribose sugar (5 carbon) › Phosphates › Nitrogen bases �DNA �Adenine �Thymine �Cytosine �Guanine �RNA �Cytosine �Guanine �Adenine �Urasil
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