ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic Compounds Compounds that contain carbon

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic Compounds: Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

CARBON Why is carbon the backbone of life? Why is it special? 1. Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell. To satisfy the octet rule, it needs to share 4 other electrons. 2. This means that each carbon atom forms 4 bonds

Three Types Of Carbon Molecules 1. Straight Chain: 2. Ring: 3. Branched Chain:

Macromolecule Large molecules that make up living things. They are large chains of smaller molecules. It means “giant molecule”.

Monomers All macro organic molecules are made up of smaller subunits called monomers. This is just the base unit that repeats over and again. The monomers can be identical or different.

Polymers Organic macromolecules are made up of repeating monomers. These chains of monomers are called polymers.

Condensation Reaction A condensation reaction is the removal of water to Connect monomers. The large chain is then bonded to form a polymer.

4 Groups of Organic Compounds 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates *Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, and O. *Ratio: 1 C: 2 H: 1 O *Function: 1. Main source of energy. 2. Plants and some animals use it for structural purposes.

Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides. Examples of monosaccrharides: 1. glucose: plant produce during photosynthesis 2. Galactose: found in milk and diary 3. Fructose: sugar in many fruits GLUCOSE!

Fructose

Carbohydrates Two monomers of monosaccharides together are called disaccharides. Sucrose is a examples of a disaccharide.

MALTOSE

Carbohydrates A polysaccharide is a long chain of monosacchrides Joined together. Examples of polysacchrides: 1. glycogen: stored energy 2. Starch: plant stored energy 3. Cellulose: cell walls STARCH!!!

Look at the difference between these two. Think about how Plants use cellulose and animals use starch. They are shaped this way because of their use. Cellulose – straight chains Starch Branched.

Lipids DEFINE: Large groups of organic compounds not soluble in water. Mostly made up of C and H with very little O. Functions: 1. Store energy for long term. 2. Waterproof covering

4 main categories of Lipids 1. 2. 3. 4. Fats Oils Waxes steroids FAT!!!

Lipids Structure of a lipid: Glyercol molecule combines with fatty acids. The Different fatty acids determine the type of lipid.

Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and very little nitrogen.

Lipids All lipids are not soluble in water. That is why they are placed together.

Lipids Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated means that all the carbon bonds are taken. They are solid at room temperature and bad for you. Unsaturated means that there is at least one double bond with the carbon. They are liquid at room temp. and are better for you.

Which ones are Saturated? ?

Proteins Any of a large group of nitrogen containing organic compounds that are essential part cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein. ”

Proteins Macromolecules that contain N, C, O and H. Functions: 1. Rate of cell processes. 2. Cellular structures 3. Controls substances in and out of cell. 4. Fight disease.

1. 2. 3. 4. Examples of Proteins Hemoglobin in blood Collagen Enzymes insulin

Proteins and Amino acid formation Proteins are made up of monomers of amino acids help together by peptide bonds. 3 parts of an amino acid: 1. Amino group 2. Carboxyl group 3. R group

Proteins(examples of R-Groups) There are 20 different amino acids found in nature. Different proteins are determined by the type of amino acids connected together. All amino acids are the same except for the R-group. The R-group gives the amino acids different properties.

R – Group

The R – Group(functional group)

Proteins(structure) Long chains of amino acids are connected by peptide bonds which are called polypeptides.

Nucleic acid Any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells.

Nucleic acids Macromolecules containing H, N, C, O and P. Made up of monomers of nucleotides.

Nucleotides 3 parts of a nucleotide 1. Phosphate 2. Deoxyribose sugar 3. Nitrogen base

Function of a Nucleic Acids 1. Carry genetic material 2. Carries codes to make proteins

2 Examples of Nucleic Acids 1. RNA – ribosenucleic acids 2. DNA – deoxyribosenucleic acid

Function of DNA 1. Carry codes to make proteins. 2. Carry genetics code(genes).

Function of RNA is to make proteins from the code DNA carries. 1.