Mariculture and Aquaculture Aquaculture is the application of

Mariculture and Aquaculture • Aquaculture is the application of farming techniques to the growth and harvesting of aquatic organisms • The term mariculture applies specifically to marine organisms • The column of marine organisms produced through mariculture has risen three-fold since 1990 • As an example, farmed fish account for 25% of shrimp consumed each year • Other “farmed” species include milkfish, molluscs, seaweed, salmon and Pacific threadfish • 개방해산양식 (open mariculture); 반개방양식 (semiculture); 폐쇄식 (Closed); 집약식 (intensive mariculture); 바 다목장 (ranching) 2

Figure 17. 14

Figure 17. 15

Commercial Mariculture Species 5

Problems Associated with Aquaculture/Mariculture • Disease and parasites can be high due to many organisms in close proximity 질병과 기생충 • Different food requirements may be present at different life stages 사료 • Species that require open water cannot be raised this way 외 양성 어종 • Maintaining water quality may be difficult 수질 환경 유지 • If farmed species escape, they may breed with wild stocks and dilute genome of wild population 양식종 야생종 유전정보 • Pollution from farm ponds can leak into nearby waters 자가오 염 • In some areas of the world, mangroves and other estuarine communities are destroyed to create farm ponds 서식처 파괴 6

http: //www. docstoc. com/docs/128289747/Cons-of-Aquaculture

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http: //www. dfo-mpo. gc. ca/aquaculture/sci-res/imta-amti/images/imta-amti-007 -large. jpg

http: //www. miseagrant. umich. edu/explore/fisheries/what-is-aquaculture/aquaculture-mi-diagram-750 w/

http: //pwsac. com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/Lifecycle 2. jpg

Figure 17. 16

Figure 17. 17

Marine Life as Items of Commerce and Recreation • 상업과 레크리에이션 대상 • Other items harvested for reasons other than direct consumption: – Mangroves – for timber and charcoal – Pearls, shells, coral and sea turtle shells for jewelry – Some species harvested for their chemical compounds that are used as “marine natural products” 해양자연 생산물 – 해조류(식량, 식품 가공, 플라스틱 등) 17

Marine Life as Items of Commerce and Recreation • 해양레크리에이션 (바다와 레크리에이션) • Amateur anglers – in general, marine resources caught by recreational anglers is only about 30% of the amount caught by commercial fishermen • However, for some species, the number of individuals caught each year may be solely from recreational anglers • Other species are harvested each year for the aquarium trade 수족관 사업 18

Non-Living Resources Harvested from the Marine Environment • Oil and Gas 석유와 개스 – 플랫폼, 해양플랜트 – 메탄(methane); 메탄하이그레 이트(methane hydrate, clathratres) – 세일가스 – 프랙킹 • Sand gravel for the construction industry 사력 • Freshwater via desalination process 담수화 19

Figure 17. 18 20

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Desalination Technologies • Reverse Osmosis (RO) 역삼투법 • Distillation 증발법 – multistage flash (MSF) 플래시증류법 – multiple effect distillation (MED) 다중효용증발 법 – vapor compression distillation (VC) 증기압축 법

Non-Living Resources Harvested from the Marine Environment • Na. Cl – 염전 • Polymetallic nodules – contain manganese, nickel, copper and cobalt • 28

Non-Living Resources Harvested from the Marine Environment • Tidal energy 30

Figure 17. 20

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion • Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilises the temperature difference between the warm surface sea water and cold deep ocean water to generate electricity. For OTEC to produce a net output of energy, the temperature difference between the surface water and water at a depth of 1000 m needs to be about 20 o. C (figure 1).

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

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