Aquaculture inputs and resource use Patrick White and

Aquaculture inputs and resource use Patrick White and Nelly Isyagi

Overview of the Presentation • • Introduction to Aquaculture value chain Aquaculture stakeholders Use of resources by aquaculture • Water • Land • Feed (fish meal and fish oil) • Energy

Definition of Aquaculture According to Shell, 1993 ‘Aquaculture is the planned and purposeful intervention in the production of aquatic animals’ Aquatic animals can include • Fish • Crustaceans • Molluscs • Seaweed and microalage

Aquaculture • Aquaculture continues to be the fastest-growing animalfood-producing sector. • Total aquaculture production from both inland marine waters supplies 42% of total supply (including plants and non-food products). • However, aquaculture supplies more that 50 % of all seafood produced for human consumption. • FAO estimates that another 40 million tons of seafood worldwide per year will be needed by 2030 just to meet current consumption rates. • Therefore world aquaculture production is expected to continue to grow in the coming decade, however the rate of increase is expected to decrease.

Fisheries and Aquaculture World capture fisheries and aquaculture production

Aquaculture • There has been rapid increase in global aquaculture production through increase in the number of farms, farmed area and intensification. • This has led to a call for more responsible management, due to global concern on the use of natural resources within their ecosystems.

Global aquaculture production (aquatic plants excluded) In 2008, total farmed production from Africa was 955, 000 tonnes, of which Egypt accounted for 73%. By far the largest part of this production was freshwater fish. Source: FAO Fishstat.

Aquaculture production in Africa Source: FAO Fishstat

Types of aquaculture - location Location • Land based • Sea based

Types of aquaculture Culture species • Fish – marine, brackish water and freshwater • Molluscs – oysters, mussels, clams • Crustaceans – shrimp and crayfish • Plants - seaweed

Types of aquaculture - intensity Culture intensity • Intensive – fed with complete diets at relatively high density • Semi-intensive – fertilised pond and sometime supplementary feed at low density • Extensive – some management but fish mainly fed by natural productivity

Types of aquaculture - scale Scale • Small scale farm – family run or small business • Large scale farm – company managed or large business

Types of aquaculture - Number • Individual farm – small, medium or large enterprises • Clusters of farms – clusters of small-scale producers (aquaculture park) clusters of larger scale farms (Aquaculture zone)

Fed and unfed aquaculture • Aquaculture production can be divided into 2 categories, Fed or fertilized aquaculture and unfed or extractive aquaculture. • Fed aquaculture. With fed aquaculture, all the nutrients that are added are not fully utilized by fish production and the excess is released into the environment. Fed has been criticized as net resource losers in terms of nutrient or wild fish resources • Non-fed Aquaculture. One-third of all farmed food fish production (20 mt) is currently achieved without artificial feeding, as is the case for seaweed, bivalves and filter-feeding carps.

The aquaculture production process The process of production and consumption of aquaculture production can be divided into 5 steps: 1. Production 2. Harvesting 3. Processing (and packing) 4. Marketing 5. Utilisation Aquaculture Value Chain

Aquaculture Value Chain The aquaculture value chain includes: • Upstream inputs: the supplies and raw materials the operation needs to be able to such as feed, seed, fertiliser • Production: the process of transforming inputs into marketable aquatic products and services • Private Service providers: providing the services to the producer to assist them • Other services: Other support services heath, environmental monitoring, etc. • Downstream outputs: the processing, packing and distribution of finished goods

Simplified Aquaculture value chain Upstream Raw materials Aquaculture Policy and Regulation Broodstock Value Adding Downstream Wholesale Distribution Hatchery Feed suppliers Basic Processing Food Service Retail Nursery Equipment suppliers End Consumer Grow Out Service providers

Detailed catfish value chain

Aquaculture stakeholders The World Bank (1996) defines two types of stakeholders: • primary stakeholders who are directly affected (positively or negatively) • secondary stakeholders who are indirectly affected Secondary stakeholders include those who have technical expertise and/or links to primary stakeholders, e. g. non-governmental organizations (NGOs), various intermediary or representative organizations and technical and professional bodies. They often represent public interests.

Stakeholders related to value chain Upstream Net and cage makers Pond construction companies Production Farmer Farm employees Downstream Fish brokers Fish wholesalers Equipment suppliers Absentee landlord Fish Traders Hatchery fry producers Nursery fry producers Services Private service providers (consultants, advisers, insurance, finance) Government service (environmental monitoring) Ice suppliers Fish transporters Academic service suppliers (research and training) Fish processors Feed manufacturers Fertiliser suppliers Exporters

Global resources and competing claims on those resources The main limitations to aquaculture development are; • Access to clean water supply • Access to space that is not competing with other coastal users • Sustainable supply of fish meal and fish oil ingredients for fish feed • Environmental impacts on water resources

Limited water resources ? Although water covers about 70. 8% of the Earth’s surface, it is only a thin film The world contains an estimated 1, 400 million km 3 of water 24 – 27 October 2007 WAS Istanbul - Competing Claims

Total water resources 1400 mill km 3 =1388 km diameter What does this blue ball signify?

Total water resources • The majority of the water resource (97. 5%) is salt water • Only 2. 5% is fresh water • 70% of the freshwater is frozen in the polar ice caps • 30% is mostly present as soil moisture or lies in underground aquifers. • Less than 1% of the world's fresh water is readily accessible for direct human uses. It is found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and in underground sources shallow enough to be tapped at affordable cost.

Freshwater resources 45, 000 km 3 = 44 km diameter

Water resource use • Water use in aquaculture can be extreme—as high as 45 m 3/kg of fish production (FAO). • Globally about 1. 2 m 3 (or 1200 liters) of water is needed to produce 1 kg of grain used in animal feed. • A kg of tilapia can be produced with no consumptive freshwater use (cages, seawater farming systems), or using as little as 50 L of freshwater. • Seawater aquaculture systems (mariculture) can use brackishwaters unsuitable for agriculture; plus, integrated, land-based saltwater faming is possible.

Water resource use

Water resource use comparison Case study culture system Shrimp pond culture, Vietnam Beef m 3/t 47, 500 15, 000 -43, 000 Aqua. Climate Shrimp pond culture, India 33, 155 Smil (2008); Pimentel and Pimentel (2003) Aqua. Climate Pork 10, 000 Smil (2008) Milkfish pond culture, Philippines 8, 010 Aqua. Climate Pork 6, 000 Pimentel and Pimentel (2003) Chicken 4, 000 Smil (2008) Broiler Chickens 3, 500 Pimentel and Pimentel (2003) Egg production 2, 700 Verdegem et al. (2006) Milk production 2, 700 Verdegem et al. (2006) Pangasius pond culture, Vietnam 1, 327 Aqua. Climate

Land resource use • Aquaculture uses land in two ways. • Aquaculture facilities occupy a defined area or space on land or in water; however, facility area accounts for only a portion of the total land or water area needed to produce an aquaculture crop. • Additional ecosystem area is needed to provide support or service functions such as food production and waste treatment. • Land-based aquaculture converts land surface area to water surface area. Pond production data reflect this land use when reported as biomass harvested per unit water surface area. 24 – 27 October 2007 WAS Istanbul - Competing Claims

Land resource use

Resources for fish feed. • Aquaculture was the largest consumer of fishmeal and oil in 2002 using about 46 percent of the global fishmeal supply and 81 percent of the global fish oil supply. • These percentages were anticipated to increase to 57% and 97% of global supply respectively by 2010.

Fish feed • Nutrient requirement for the fish and shrimp production in ponds is provided either by natural productivity of the pond or by feed. • This ratio varies with the culture system. • The efficiency of feed use varies between species, feed quality and feeding strategy. This can vary between culture systems and species where the feed conversion rate far salmon is close to 1: 1, Milkfish cage production at 2. 5: 1 using inert feeds to grouper cage production at 5: 1 using trash fish. • In some cases aquaculture feed often incorporates high levels of fish meal and fish oil provided from wild stocks and so aquaculture fish may not be a net producer of fish.

Fish feed requirement • For semi intensive culture systems a large proportion of the nutrient requirements are provided by pond water productivity (phytoplankton, zooplankton and other microorganisms) which is enhanced by using organic and/or inorganic fertilisers. • For intensive culture systems almost all the nutrient requirements are provided by inert feeds. • Pescivore fish require fish meal and fish oil to provide essential fatty acids and amino acids

Fish Oil • Fish oil also is a component of some of aquaculture feeds and there is a finite supply. • The yield of fish oil from reduction fisheries is significantly lower than the yield of fish meal. • This suggests that fish oil may in the future be a scarcer commodity than fish meal for use in aquafeeds. • It takes 10 to 20 kg live fish to produce a kilogram of fish oil, but the quantity varies greatly by species and season.

Fish meal • Fish used for making fish meal are provided primarily from wild pelagic fishery. • In fish meal manufacturing, the ratio of live fish to fish meal is about 4. 5. • Fish meal can also be produced from the offal from processing of wild-caught or aquacultured fish.

Fish-in Fish-out ratio • One of the current concerns in the aquaculture sector is the amount of wild fish that is required to produce farmed fish. • A number of different methods have been developed to calculate the amount of wild fish that it takes to produce one tonne of farmed fish. • One such methodology is based on the Fish-in : Fish-out ratio (FIFO ratio). Using dry pellets, FIFO ratios can range between 3: 1 to 10: 1 with a FIFO ratio of 4. 9: 1 for salmon production

Fish in Fish out ratio

Energy use • There are many uses of energy in aquaculture including energy used for construction of facilities, production of lime, fertilizers, production and transport of feed and feed ingredients, operation of machines and vehicles during culture and harvesting, processing, transportation, etc. • However, only two of these energy inputs can be readily estimated at the farm level. These are energy uses for pumping water and for mechanical aeration, and, at the farm level, they are the major, direct energy inputs.

Energy resource use

Energy resource use comparison Comparison of culture systems MJ/t Reference Shrimp pond culture, India 57, 718 Aqua. Climate Norwegian Chicken 55, 000 Munkung and Gheewala, 2007 Swedish Beef 33, 000 Munkung and Gheewala, 2007 Pangasius pond culture, Vietnam 1, 287 Aqua. Climate 517 Aqua. Climate 2 Aqua. Climate Shrimp pond culture, Vietnam Milkfish pond culture, Philippines

Thank you Funded by Co-implemented by European Union Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations