Mariculture and Aquaculture Aquaculture is the application of

Mariculture and Aquaculture • Aquaculture is the application of farming techniques to the growth and harvesting of aquatic organisms • The term mariculture applies specifically to marine organisms • The column of marine organisms produced through mariculture has risen three-fold since 1990 • As an example, farmed fish account for 25% of shrimp consumed each year • Other “farmed” species include milkfish, molluscs, seaweed, salmon and Pacific threadfish • 개방해산양식 (open mariculture); 반개방양식 (semiculture); 폐쇄식 (Closed); 집약식 (intensive mariculture); 바 다목장 (ranching) 2

Figure 17. 14

Figure 17. 15

Commercial Mariculture Species 5

Problems Associated with Aquaculture/Mariculture 1. Disease and parasites can be high due to many organisms in close proximity 질병과 기생충 2. Different food requirements may be present at different life stages 사료 3. Species that require open water cannot be raised this way 외 양성 어종 4. Maintaining water quality may be difficult 수질 환경 유지 5. If farmed species escape, they may breed with wild stocks and dilute genome of wild population 양식종 야생종(토착종) 유 전정보 6. Pollution from farm ponds can leak into nearby waters 자가오 염 7. In some areas of the world, mangroves and other estuarine communities are destroyed to create farm ponds 서식처 파괴 6

http: //www. docstoc. com/docs/128289747/Cons-of-Aquaculture

http: //www. dommrc. com/images/page-images/diagram-idreem. png

http: //www. dfo-mpo. gc. ca/aquaculture/sci-res/imta-amti/images/imta-amti-007 -large. jpg

http: //www. miseagrant. umich. edu/explore/fisheries/what-is-aquaculture/aquaculture-mi-diagram-750 w/

http: //pwsac. com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/Lifecycle 2. jpg

Figure 17. 16

Figure 17. 17

Marine Life as Items of Commerce and Recreation • 상업과 레크리에이션 대상 • Other items harvested for reasons other than direct consumption: – Mangroves – for timber and charcoal – Pearls, shells, coral and sea turtle shells for jewelry – Some species harvested for their chemical compounds that are used as “marine natural products” 해양자연 생산물 해양천연물 – 해조류(식량, 식품 가공, 플라스틱 등) 17

• Foods/ 식품, 식물첨가물 • Personal Care Products 일상생활용품 Household Products l Algin ingredients in makeup, l l l • Food thickening agents in ice creams, salad dressings Algin ingredients in some breads, beers, puddings and more • Seaweed extracts in some herbs and vitamins l soap, toothpaste, and shampoo Seaweeds extracts in facial masques, massage gels, and bath products Medicines 의약품 l Bio-fuel & Paper l l Seaweed ingredients in medicines used to treat tuberculosis, arthritis, colds, influenza and other infections Seaweed-derived agar, a substance used in the culture of bacteria and other microorganisms Seaweed-derived agarose in chromatography to purify proteins, DNA, and other substances

Marine Life as Items of Commerce and Recreation • 해양레크리에이션 (바다와 레크리에이션) • Amateur anglers – in general, marine resources caught by recreational anglers is only about 30% of the amount caught by commercial fishermen 낚시 • However, for some species, the number of individuals caught each year may be solely from recreational anglers • Other species are harvested each year for the aquarium trade 수족관 사업 19

Non-Living Resources Harvested from the Marine Environment • Oil and Gas 석유와 개스 – 플랫폼, 해양플랜트 – 메탄(methane); 메탄하이그레 이트(methane hydrate, clathratres) – 세일가스 – 프랙킹 • Sand gravel for the construction industry 사력 – dredge • Freshwater via desalination process 담수화 20

Figure 17. 18 21

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Desalination Technologies • Reverse Osmosis (RO) 역삼투법 • Distillation 증발법 – multistage flash (MSF) 플래시증류법 – multiple effect distillation (MED) 다중효용증발법 – vapor compression distillation (VC) 증기압축법

Non-Living Resources Harvested from the Marine Environment • Na. Cl – 염전 • Polymetallic nodules – contain manganese, nickel, copper and cobalt 금속단괴 • 29

Non-Living Resources Harvested from the Marine Environment • Tidal energy 31

Figure 17. 20

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion • Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilises the temperature difference between the warm surface sea water and cold deep ocean water to generate electricity. For OTEC to produce a net output of energy, the temperature difference between the surface water and water at a depth of 1000 m needs to be about 20 o. C (figure 1).

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

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