Aquaculture expands global food supply Aquaculture background Growing

Aquaculture expands global food supply

Aquaculture background Growing global population requires additional protein sources § The world’s oceans, seas and rivers cannot be depended on for food § Nearly 75 percent of the world’s fisheries are fully exploited or worse § Aquaculture provides a healthy diet for people around the world • Farmed fish convert feed more efficiently than farmed animals • Feed conversion ratios (FCR) are lower for ocean farmed fish versus farmed animals § 2

What is aquaculture? The farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish and plants; can be land or open ocean based § Projected growth in fish consumption of approximately 40 million tonnes per year by 2030 § 20 10 3 Kg per capita FAO predicts demand will surpass 180 mtpy Aquaculture must supply this added 40 mtpy

Copper use in aquaculture § Copper alloy nets have a minimal corrosion rate § Copper alloy nets are not coated or covered with antifouling paint § Minimal leaching § Natural oxidization creates protective patina § Lifespan > 5 years, depending on conditions § Alloys: copper-zinc, copper-nickel, copper-silicon § Net-pen configurations: rigid pens, flexible pens and outer barrier nets § Type of mesh: expanded metal, welded mesh, chain link mesh and others 4

Challenges facing fish farmers § Predators: mesh strength prevents loss to predators § Biofouling: natural ability to stay clean prevents mesh from clogging with organic matter § Disease: natural properties that prevent fouling with organic matter creates healthier conditions for raising, so antibiotics and chemical treatments are not needed 5

Benefits of copper in aquaculture § Promotion of clean energy economy § Corrosion resistance § Natural ability to remain clean and free of organic matter § Greater cost savings § Healthier fish § Predator resistance § 100 percent recyclable § Reduced CO 2 6

Successful copper applications § Australia § Chile § Japan § New projects • • • 7 China Korea Scotland Turkey Greece United States South Africa Mozambique Seychelles

Types of fish farmed in copper pens § Fin fish • Yellow Tail (Seriola) • Salmon (Salmonids) • Sea Bass (Pagrus) • Bream (Dicentrarchus) • Cobia (Rachycentron) § Others • Crustaceans • Mollusks 8

Future outlook § Trends § Offshore net pens § Compatibility with current installations § Innovative techniques expand harvest numbers § Sustainability § Growth projections § Fish consumption expected to reach 40 million tonnes per year by 2030 Annual Market Opportunity at 100% Uptake 9 Copper 50, 000 tpy Copper alloy 77, 000 tpy

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