Introhistory of Aquaculture The art and science of

Intro/history of Aquaculture The art and science of rearing aquatic organisms (finfish, shellfish, aquatic reptiles, amphibians, and plants) under controlled conditions. History of Aquaculture • First practiced by the Chinese 3, 500 to 4, 000 years ago • • • Oysters were farmed in Japan about 3, 000 years ago and by the Romans nearly 2, 000 years ago

Intro/history of Aquaculture United States/North America 1850 s - first attempt at artificial propagation (Dr. Theodatus Garlick) - Brook trout - Spring fed ponds (Cleveland, Ohio) 1864 – 1866 - First public hatchery was built in New York - - Atlantic Salmon fry produced for enhancement efforts on the Merrimac River - High profits -

Intro/history of Aquaculture 1870 - Formation of the “American Fish Cultural Society” - Began to apply the scientific method to aquaculture production - - 19 th century –

Purpose of Aquaculture Commercial (foodfish) production • Followed AFS development and used techniques and methods established through government and academic research • Foodfish production worldwide 1. 2.

Purpose of Aquaculture Important culture species (3 phyla represented) 1. Mollusca 2. Arthropoda (crustaceans) 3. Chordata

Aquaculture Mollusca • • • Scallops Abalone

Aquaculture Important culture species Arthropoda (crustaceans) • • • Lobster

Aquaculture Important culture species Chordata • • Channel catfish Atlantic salmon Tilapia Carp

Aquaculture (fish and shellfish) • Global production has doubled in past 15 years • > 220 species of finfish and shellfish are farmed US (commercial finfish): • • Production estimates (1991): 543, 770 tons valued at approximately $750, 250, 000

Aquaculture Catfish - Dominant species cultured in United States • • In late 1950 s the methodology for catfish culture in the US was developed • At that time, it was demonstrated that a profit could be made if producers received $1. 10/kg • Today: • •

Aquaculture Rainbow trout • Important species in the US, Northern Europe, Chile, etc. • • • Freshwater Also raised in other regions for food and sport. • • Australia (Tasmania) New Zealand

Aquaculture Rainbow trout Idaho is one of the major trout producing region in US/world. • Constant temperature (15 o. C) spring water yearround • 1980 -3, 400 tons/yr. 1990 s > 10, 000 tons/yr.

Aquaculture Atlantic Salmon • Industry has rapidly expanded in last decade • High tech • Net pen culture (primarily foodfish) •

Aquaculture Other commercial species Ornamental species • Florida – raise > 100 species • >$100 million/yr (1998) • Value –

Aquaculture Carp and Tilapia • Important species in Middle East, China, Japan, etc. • Grass Carp (in US) • Aquatic vegetation control • • Tilapia • Often used as protein supplement for third world regions •

Purpose of Aquaculture Commercial Fisheries • Goal – increase or sustain commercially important species (other than salmon) Concept • Being re-considered • • Offspring – increased survival Species • Flounder • Cod • Haddock • Rockfish

Purpose of Aquaculture Recreational Fisheries • Goal – Stocking for angling public Put and take • Stock catchable size fish that are available immediately • Chase hatchery trucks • Recreation for the “non” purists • Provides some states alternative experience • Seasons that provide proper environmental conditions • Spring – trout in some states (trout stamp)

Purpose of Aquaculture Recreational Fisheries Put-Grow-and take • Stock at small size (fingerlings) allow to grow to large size • Close harvest of small fish (size restrictions) Ex: • Stock fingerling Northern pike in Midwest • Coho Salmon and SH in Great Lakes (1980 s) • Both approaches provide angling opportunities in waters that may not support sustainable populations

Purpose of Aquaculture Augmentation • Used in waters that can support sustainable populations but where fishing pressure results in unbalanced populations Ex: • Largemouth bass • Fishing lowers bass pop. even though forage base is good

Purpose of Aquaculture Mitigation/supplementation • Ex: • Human activities – destruction or alteration of fish habitat • • Loss of upstream access by anadromous fishes Decreased access to spawning habitat Change from riverine to reservoir habitat Increased turbidity (Ag and industry runoff)

Purpose of Aquaculture Mitigation/supplementation • 1938 – Congress passed legislation that mandated for losses of renewable aquatic resources due to reduction of upstream access for migratory salmonids • Results – “In-kind” mitigation • Impacted species – re-stocked May also occur if human activities take water body out of production – filling lake for construction

Purpose of Aquaculture Pacific Salmon (Coho, Chinook, Chum, Pink, Sockeye) • Primarily reared and released for mitigation purposes • • Pacific Northwest, Canada (BC), Alaska Great Lakes (1967) – recreational fisheries

Purpose of Aquaculture Species Recovery (ESA) • • • Habitat Hydro Hatcheries • One action taken to enhance recovery Genetic diversity – important • Ex: • Sockeye Salmon – 1990 s to present (Redfish Lake) • Lonely Larry • Cryopreserved semen for next season • Offspring survival important

Purpose of Aquaculture Population assessment • Cultured fish can be marked and used to assess populations in wild • • Recapture of tagged/untagged fish used to estimate populations Examples of marking methods: • • External tags • Fin clips • • • Branding

Purpose of Aquaculture Research • Many Scientists are increasingly using fish as laboratory animals • • Fish may be good models • Fast regeneration times Ex: • Japanese medaka • Zebrafish • KIllifish, • Goldfish