GEOL 3650 Energy for Society Addressing the Energy

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Conflicting Domains • energy science uses a language in which every day words have special meaning (Solomon, 1983) – the terms energy, work, heat and power have specific scientific meanings • conflicts with the common everyday usage of these words – this dual nature of terms is a potential source of confusion for students • language used imprecisely or loosely in the classroom can produce misconceptions or confusion (Jewett, 2008 c) – for example, consider the common statement “…heat is transferred. . . ” • this statement is incorrect, because heat is either: a) a process; or b) the quantity of energy transferred – correct statement would be: “. . energy is transferred (not heat) as heat…” – incorrect usage reinforces the common misconception that heat is a form of energy 11 -Sep-21 2

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge Energy 11 -Sep-21 3

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy: Contributed Definitions • the ability to do work or the quantity transferred via heat • the capacity of a system to do or perform work • the ability to do work • the ability of a system to do work, that can be transferred or converted into other forms • ability of a system to perform work • capacity of a system to do work • * • standard physics definition 11 -Sep-21 4

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy: Contributed Definitions • a fundamental entity of nature that is transferred between parts of a system in the production of physical change within the system and usually regarded as the ability to do work • property of matter and radiation that is manifest as a capacity to perform work (such as causing motion or the interaction of molecules) • the property of matter and radiation that is manifest as a capacity to perform work (such as causing motion or the interaction of molecules); • Energy is a phenomenon. It is the potential for any living being to participate in work related activities • the ability (or capacity) of a system to do work or supply (or produce) heat. It can be neither created nor destroyed. Two main forms: kinetic and potential. Typically measured in Joules, but can be measured in watts and calories • * 11 -Sep-21 5

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy: Contributed Definitions • power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines • * 11 -Sep-21 6

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy: Contributed Definitions • power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light or heat or to work machines • amount of ability something has to do something, rather it be movement or change • a degree or level of energy possessed by something or required by a process • useable power that comes from heat, electricity, etc. • power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines • the sum of the momentum of the particles within the object • power derived by the burning or processing of chemical resources • the "fuel" required to complete activities • a natural matter which cannot be created or destroyed, but rather is manipulated and redefined into new states in every physical and chemical interaction in the natural world* 11 -Sep-21 7

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy: Class Definition nergy: capacity to change a system’s state through the application • energy of work and/or lose/gain of heat • additional characteristics: – thermodynamic quantity depending upon the extensive parameter of the system – many forms of energy – readily converted from one form to another – during energy transformations, the total amount of energy is conserved – transformations degrade energy quality and increase entropy – fundamental dimensions ML 2 T-2 – two fundamental classes of units: • thermal: mks: Joules (J) – cgs: calorie (cal) • electrical: watt-hour (Wh) 11 -Sep-21 8

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge Work 11 -Sep-21 9

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Work: Contributed Definitions • the product of a force applied, and the distance through which that force acts • force applied over a distance • work is defined as force times a displacement • the displacement of an object in the direction of a force • the act of displacing an object with a force • the application of force to an object which results in displacement over a given area • * 11 -Sep-21 10

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Work: Contributed Definitions • any energy transfer that is not heat. • the amount of force required to move a body a specific distance • the transference of energy that is produced by the motion of the point of application of a force and is measured by multiplying the force and the displacement of its point of application in the line of action • this is the product of an applied force in a particular direction • the exertion of force overcoming resistance or producing molecular change • amount of change that has happened to an object, so lets say you utilize energy to move it 3 feet away from where it currently is and move it 3 feet so it's back in the spot it was, there is no work done on that object • the ability to move an object a certain distance • the transfer of energy from one object to another, especially in order to make the second object move in a certain direction. Work is equal to the amount of force multiplied by the distance over which it is applied. • to become warm or hot • * 11 -Sep-21 11

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Work: Contributed Definitions • the transference of energy that is produced by the motion of the point of application of a force and is measured by multiplying the force and the displacement of its point of application in the line of action • the exertion of force overcoming resistance or producing molecular change • energy required to move something • the action of moving an object • capacity for being acted upon or undergoing an effect • energy expended by natural phenomena • * 11 -Sep-21 12

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Work: Contributed Definitions • ability to be active: the physical or mental strength that allows you to do things • The energy required to perform any kind of physical or chemical action • activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result • * 11 -Sep-21 13

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Work: Class Definition work: transfer of energy at the macroscopic scale by the application • work of a force through a distance • mathematically, expressed as: • additional characteristics: – mechanism of energy transfer – occurs at macroscopic scale – organized energy transfer – arises from mechanical imbalance of forces – no movement and/or no force – no work – fundamental dimensions ML 2 T-2 – units of energy (J) or watt-hour (Wh) 11 -Sep-21 14

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge Heat 11 -Sep-21 15

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Heat: Contributed Definitions • energy transferred due to a temperature difference across a system boundary • transfer of energy from one body to another, resulting in a temperature change • added energy that causes substances to rise in temperature, fuse, evaporate, expand, or undergo any of various other related changes, that flows to a body by contact with or radiation from bodies at higher temperatures, and that can be produced in a body • form of energy. It is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degrees Celsius • a form of energy associated with the movement of atoms or molecules in any material • * 11 -Sep-21 16

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Heat: Contributed Definitions • energy transfer across a system boundary as a result of a temperature difference across that boundary • transfer of energy between two objects due to temperature differences, can be measured as sensible or latent (when phase change is occurring) • transfer of energy from one mechanical system to another, or force acting over a distance • form of energy arising from the random motion of the molecules of bodies, which may be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation • type of energy, typically run off from the utilization of other types of energy • * 11 -Sep-21 17

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Heat: Contributed Definitions • releasing warmth • a measurement of the movement of molecules in a system • the microscopic random motion of particles that transfers energy through contact • a direct byproduct of energy involved in a chemical or physical interaction • energy that is transferred between objects in the form of radiation • * 11 -Sep-21 18

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Heat: Contributed Definitions • possessing relative temperature above -273 C • the quality of being hot; high temperature • to become warm or hot • heat is the transfer of energy due to a temperature difference • form of energy arising from the random motion of the molecules of bodies, which may be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation • energy produced by the combustion of resources • * 11 -Sep-21 19

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Heat: Class Definition heat: transfer of thermal energy at the atomic scale due to a temperature • heat difference • unlike work, there is no simple mathematical expression for heat • additional characteristics: – flows due to temperature difference – results from thermal disequilibrium – moves from high to low temperature – energy transfer on atomic scale – has units of energy – fundamental dimensions ML 2 T-2 • mks: Joules (J) • cgs: calorie (cal) • two important types: – sensible heat: heat associated with change in system temperature and with convection, conduction, and radiation – latent heat: heat associated with a change of physical state and no temperature increase 11 -Sep-21 20

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Heat: Types of Heat 11 -Sep-21 21

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge Power 11 -Sep-21 22

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Power: Contributed Definitions • the time rate of usage/consumption/movement of energy • the amount of energy applied per time unit or the rate at which work is done • this is the amount of work that is done in a specific amount of time • the amount of energy put or produced in a given amount of time • the time derivative of work (the rate at which work is done or energy is converted) • power is the rate at which work is done • the time rate at which work is done or energy emitted or transferred • energy per time • the act of work over time • rate (energy amount per time period) at which work is done or energy converted. The scientific unit of power is the watt (W), which is equal to one joule (energy amount) per second (time period) • * 11 -Sep-21 23

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Power: Contributed Definitions • a source or means of supplying energy • over all amount of energy something has and the amount of energy that can be used at one time • to supply with electrical energy • to supply (a device) with mechanical or electrical energy. • energy that is produced by mechanical, electrical, or other means and used to operate a device • energy produced by chemical resource processing • * 11 -Sep-21 24

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Power: Contributed Definitions • a source or means of supplying energy • over all amount of energy something has and the amount of energy that can be used at one time • to supply with electrical energy • to supply (a device) with mechanical or electrical energy. • energy that is produced by mechanical, electrical, or other means and used to operate a device • energy produced by chemical resource processing • * 11 -Sep-21 25

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Power: Contributed Definitions • the ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a faculty or quality • the ability to complete activities • the ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a faculty or quality • concentration of energy that is achieved through the manipulation of the natural world and is redirected towards a specific process • * 11 -Sep-21 26

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Power: Class Definition power: is work per time • power – equivalent to energy per time • an alternative definition is force times velocity – something that is powerful, therefore: • applies a large force, and/or • moves rapidly • additional characteristics: – variety of units • watt (W): J/s (=0. 001341 hp) • horsepower (hp): equals 550 foot-pounds/s (=745. 7 W) 11 -Sep-21 27

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge The Language of Energy Power Definition • power involves physical change in universe and the time span over which it occurred – consider carrying a heavy box up a flight of stairs • doing work, i. e. applying a force over a displacement – same amount of energy regardless of rate of movement • power is the difference in running the weight up the stairs versus walking it up 11 -Sep-21 28

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge Summary • working definitions: energy: capacity to change a system’s state through the application of – energy work and/or lose/gain of heat work: macroscopic transfer of energy by the application of a force through – work a distance heat: transfer of thermal energy at the atomic scale due to a temperature – heat difference power: energy per time – power • full understanding of these requires understanding additional characteristics 11 -Sep-21 29

GEOL 3650: Energy for Society: Addressing the Energy Grand Challenge References • Barrow, G. M. , 1988, Thermodynamics should be built on energy – Not heat and work: J. Chemical Educ. , vol. 65, pp. 122 -125. • Feynman, R. , 1966, Lectures on Physics, with R. Leighton and M. Sands, vol. 1, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. • Feynman, R. , 1966, Six Easy Pieces – Essentials of Physics Explained by Its Most Brilliant Teacher, with R. Leighton and M. Sands, Perseus Book Group, New York, NY. • Giampietro, M. and A. H. Sorman, 2012, Are energy statistics useful for making energy scenarios? : Energy, vol. 37, pp. 5 -17. • Jewett, J. W. , 2008 a, Energy and the Confused Student I: Work: The Physics Teacher, vol. 46, pp. 38 -43. • Jewett, J. W. , 2008 b, Energy and the Confused Student II: Systems: The Physics Teacher, 46, pp. 81 -86. • Jewett, J. W. , 2008 c, Energy and the Confused Student III: Language: The Physics Teacher, 46(3): 149 -153. • Jewett, J. W. , 2008 d, Energy and the Confused Student IV: A Global Approach to Energy: The Physics Teacher, vol. 46, pp. 210 -217. • Jewett, J. W. , 2008 e, Energy and the Confused Student V: The Energy∕Momentum Approach to Problems Involving Rotating and Deformable Systems: The Physics Teacher, vol. 46, pp. 269 -274 • Solomon, J. , 1983, Learning about energy: How pupils think in two domains: European Journal of Science Education, vol. 5, pp. 49 -59. 11 -Sep-21 30