GEOL 1600 GEOL 3400 GEOL 3650 Human Population

GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Human Population Economic Development Level

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Introduction • the economic development of a nation is very important in determining a host of social, political, and cultural factors as well • influences a country’s: – ability to respond to natural and geologic disasters – total and per capita energy use – citizens quality of life – ability to feed its population – per capita resource usage – level of education and access to education – access to clean, dependable water – access to available, accessible, affordable, and acceptable electricity supply 28 -Feb-21 2

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Introduction • nations can be classified based on their economic development level • least developed country (LDC LDC) – low-income countries suffering from the most severe structural impediments to sustainable development – mostly in Africa and Asia LEDC) • less economically developed country (LEDC – average incomes low (generally below $15, 000 PPP per year) – most people lack access to health care and education – often characterized by high levels of poverty – many countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South Asia, South America and Southeast Asia and Africa MEDC) • more economically developed country (MEDC – average incomes high (above approximately $15, 000 PPP per year) – most people have access to health care and education – mostly in Europe, North America, parts of Latin America and East Asia 28 -Feb-21 3

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Least Developed Countries (LDC): Definition • UN uses three basic criteria for defining an LDC – GNI per capita – Human Asset Index (HAI) – Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) 28 -Feb-21 4

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Least Developed Countries (LDC): Definition GNI) definitions: • Gross National Income (GNI – total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country • includes gross domestic product (GDP) and income earned by foreign residents • excludes income earned in domestic economic by nonresidents – total value of currently produced final goods and services produced by the domestic economy of a country over a given time period, e. g. a year – sum of a nation’s gross domestic product and net income it receives from overseas • similar to gross national product (GNP), but GNP is based on output whereas GNI is based on income • has replaced gross national product (GDP) as means of comparing income in international statistics • Gross National Income (GNI) per capita = GNI (US$)/population – represents average income of a nation’s citizens 28 -Feb-21 5

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Least Developed Countries (LDC): Definition 28 -Feb-21 6

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Least Developed Countries (LDC): Definition • Human Asset Index measures: – under-five mortality rate – percentage of population undernourished – maternal mortality ratio – gross secondary school enrollment ratio – adult literacy rate 28 -Feb-21 7

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Least Developed Countries (LDC): Definition 28 -Feb-21 8

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Least Developed Countries (LDC): Definition • Economic Vulnerability Index measures: – population – remoteness – merchandise export concentration – share of agriculture, forestry and fishing in GDP – share of population in low elevated coastal zones – instability of exports of goods and services – victims of natural disasters – instability of agricultural production 28 -Feb-21 9

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Least Developed Countries (LDC): Definition 28 -Feb-21 10

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Characteristics of MEDC/LEDC MEDC low GDP (gross domestic product) high GDP (gross domestic product) low per capita income (<US$15, 000) low per capita income (>US$15, 000) limited industrialization highly industrialization small number affluent citizens large number affluent citizens high employment low educational levels and rates with limited access to free education high educational levels and rates with widespread access to free education limited technological capacity advanced technological capacity unstable, possibly corrupt government stable, honest government restricted access to health care & medical services better access to health care & medical services high birth rates low birth rates high death rates lower death rates high population growth rates low to negative population growth rates 28 -Feb-21 11

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Characteristics of MEDC/LEDC (con. ) LEDC MEDC produces primarily raw materials & commodities and few processed or manufactured goods produces limited raw materials & commodities and mostly processed or manufactured goods limited access to clean, potable water widespread access to clean, potable water limited access to sewage treatment widespread access to sewage treatment low resource use per capita high resource use per capita low standard of living high poverty rates low poverty rates short life expectancy long life expectancy low human development index (HDI) high human development index (HDI) low per capita energy use high youth dependency ratio low elderly dependency ratio high elderly dependency ratio 28 -Feb-21 12

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Human Development Index (HDI) 28 -Feb-21 13

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Human Development Index (HDI) 28 -Feb-21 14

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 HDI vs. Per Capita Electricity Use 28 -Feb-21 15

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Population Pyramid 28 -Feb-21 16

GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Human Population: Economic Development Level 28 -Feb-21 17

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 LDC Population Pyramid 28 -Feb-21 18

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 LEDC Population Pyramid 28 -Feb-21 19

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 MEDC Population Pyramid 28 -Feb-21 20

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Human Development Level 28 -Feb-21 21

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Least Developed Countries (LDCs) • the poorest and vulnerable countries as identified by the U. N. are termed least developed countries – based on three criteria: • low grow national income (GNI) • weak human assets • high degree of economic vulnerability • definitions: – very low income: three year average gross national income (GNI) under US$750 – human resources weakness: measured by Human Assets Index (HAI), which measures nutrition, health, education, and adult literacy – economic vulnerability: based on indicators of the instability of agricultural production; exports of goods and services; economic importance of nontraditional activities (share of manufacturing and modern services in GDP); merchandise export concentration; and the handicap of economic smallness 28 -Feb-21 22

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Least Developed Countries (LDCs) LDCs are unevenly distributed around the world: Africa - 34; Asia - 10; Oceania - 5: Caribbean 1 28 -Feb-21 23

Human Population: Economic Development Level GEOL 1600 - GEOL 3400 - GEOL 3650 Summary 28 -Feb-21 24