England Henry VIII Henry VIII creates the Church

England

Henry VIII • Henry VIII creates the Church of England (WHY? ) with Parliament’s help • Henry VIII is married 6 times; has 3 surviving children (Mary, Elizabeth, Edward) • Upon his death, Edward takes the throne (very Protestant!)

• When Edward dies, Mary becomes queen of England (very Catholic!) • Mary dies without an heir; Elizabeth becomes queen (Protestant)

Queen Elizabeth I • Makes England a Protestant country • Solidifies to Scotland & Ireland • Made England one of the most powerful nations in Europe

England’s Religious Rollercoaster! Henry VIII - Catholic Henry VIII- Protestant Edward VI Protestant Queen Mary-Catholic Elizabeth I- Protestant

• When Elizabeth dies, the Tudor Dynasty ends • James (VI) I of Scotland becomes king; begins the Stuart Dynasty • Trouble ahead…. Heyyyy!

ENGLISH CIVIL WAR The English Civil War

The Beginning of Trouble • Started when James I took the throne after Elizabeth died • Believed he had divine right • His greatest weakness: – always asking Parliament for money to fund his extravagant lifestyle ; WHAT IS PARLIAMENT? • Parliament and the people were not always happy with his foreign policy

Religion vs. the Monarchy • James was head of church and state • The Puritans felt there was still too much Catholic influence in the Church of England wanted change • James felt criticism of the church meant you were not a loyal subject and you should leave – Who were the Puritans?

Charles’s Abuse of Power • Charles I, Son of James, he also believed in divine right, opposed Puritans and married a Catholic • When a request for money was denied he: – Put areas under martial law – Dissolved Parliament – Quartered troops in private homes

Charles I • He would persecute Puritans • Thousands of Puritans went on to seek religious freedom in the American colonies • Charles further angered Scotland when he tried to force Anglican prayer on them • They were prepared to defend their freedom

Beginnings of War • The Scots invaded England the Irish rebelled over the practice of land grants • Charles was in desperate need of money • He was forced to call Parliament back and they were determined to limit his power • Charles refused to agree to their demands and both sides prepared for war

English Civil War • Cavaliers those who supported Charles I; nobles and landowners from north • Roundheads supporters of Parliament and Puritans; came from south • Roundheads were led by Oliver Cromwell • 4 yrs of conflict • Parliament won and Charles was executed

England’s New Government • The Rump Parliament set up a commonwealth or a republic • This parliament proved to be ineffective over time • Cromwell placed England under military rule • When he died, people wanted a change and restored the monarch under Charles II

Representative gov’t and individual rights would be a main focus and no more absolute monarchies would reign!!!

A King returns to the Throne • Charles II: the ‘merry monarch’ – After the English Civil War & Cromwell’s 10 year rule, the Rump Parliament met to establish the English monarchy – They decide to bring back Charles II – son of Charles I: (The Restoration: 1660 -1685) – Nicknamed the ‘merry monarch’: loved parties, games; supports the arts & sciences,

• Charles’s powers are limited by a constitution (Constitutional Monarchy) • A constitution defines governmental powers, as well as the rights of the people

Political parties in Parliament • • • TORIES: Supported the “King, Defended hereditary monarchy church & land”

Political Parties in Parliament • WHIGS: • Supported “life, liberty & property” • Wanted to exclude Charles’s brother James from the throne

Parliament at work • Habeas Corpus Act: • A person cannot be held in prison without just cause or without a trial

A Catholic King? • Charles II dies in 1685: his brother James II becomes king • James II is openly Catholic; he raises a Catholic army & appoints Catholics to government positions

The Glorious Revolution: A Bloodless Revolt! • MPs (members of Parliament) want James II to die so the throne passes to his Protestant sister Mary, married to William of Orange • However, a son is born; it would be raised as a Catholic; Parliament decides to take action

• In 1688, Parliament invited Mary and her husband William to take throne of England • James II flees, and a ‘bloodless’ revolution takes place

• James II lands in Ireland • He gathers Irish Catholics in an attempt to take back the throne of England • His attempt fails & Catholics are severely punished for supporting James

William & Mary rule England • • New limits are placed on the monarchy Parliament passes a Bill of Rights Limits are placed on royal power Guaranteed certain individual rights

Parliament & the Crown • England is still a monarchy, but king or queen can’t rule without Parliament’s consent • Parliament is controlled by people of property: nobles, merchants, clergy, etc… • The English throne passes to the German Hanover family

Parliament gets stronger • Parliament’s powers increase; they appoint a cabinet & a prime minister • The German Hanover kings rely heavily on the cabinet members and the prime minister • George III becomes king in 1760 – He fights many costly wars to expand British territory in North America • How will George pay for these wars? ? Perhaps he’ll tax the American colonists…

SO Why should you care? ? ? • This period of English history is HUGELY influential to the formation of the U. S. – Ideas like a Parliament, Bill of Rights, Habeas Corpus, religious freedom, etc… are all an important part of how YOU live!

To sum up… • Tudor Dynasty: – Henry VIII Edward Mary Elizabeth I • Stuart Dynasty: – James I Charles I (beheaded) NO KING (11 yrs) Charles II James II William & Mary Anne • Hanover Dynasty: – George I, III