Effects of Alcohol on GastroIntestinal Tract Effects of

ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮیﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎﺋی کﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛیﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟکﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣی گیﺮﻧﺪ • Effects of Alcohol on Gastro-Intestinal Tract • Effects of Alcohol on the Heart • Effects of Alcohol on the Liver • Effects of Alcohol on the Brain • Effects of Alcohol on the Endocrine System • Effects of Alcohol on the Kidney

Alcohol and Mental Abilities Acts like an anesthetic on the brain, slowing down activity

Alcohol Affects the Brain Alcohol Acts On : • Mammilary bodies (involved in memory) • Dorsal Medial Nucleus of the Thalamus (emotion) • Cerebral Cortex (motor, sensory, cognition)

Dose-Response Curve for Acute CNS Response to Ethanol Response Death Labored breathing Unconscious Deep sleep Sleep Giddy No effect Dose

Alcohol's Effects on Brain Structure Control Alcoholic Courtesy A. Pfefferbaum

Alcohol and the Cerebellum Purkinje Cell Layer

Change in brain size ﺗﻐییﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟکﻞ Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Cerebellum Mattson et al. , 1994

ﻣﺮگ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﻧﺮیﺰی ﻫﺎی کﻒ ﻣﻐﺰی یکی ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺮگ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟکﻞ • Brain damagethere is a large dark red patch where blood has got into the brain tissue. This is a result of a head injury and resulted in death.

ﺧﻮﻧﺮیﺰﻫﺎی گﻮﺍﺭﺷی ﺍﻭﻟیﻦ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟکﻞ Healthy Stomach Damage Stomach This is acute gastritis. There are many causes of acute gastritis: alcoholism, drugs, infection This is the normal appearance of the stomach

Normal Gastrointestinal System Physiology mucosa Mouth Esophagus Parietal cells These are the components of the gastro Intestinal system This is the normal appearance of the gastric fundal mucosa Short gastric pits lined with mucus cells • The Gastrointestinal Tract Is a Tube That Is Specialized along Its Length for the Sequential Processing of Food • Assimilation of Dietary Food Substances Requires Digestion As Well As Absorption • Digestion Requires Enzymes Secreted in the Mouth, Stomach, Pancreas, and Small Intestine • In Addition to Its Function in Nutrition, the Gastrointestinal Tract Plays Important Roles in Excretion, fluid and Electrolyte Balance, and Immunity (http: //www 3. us. elsevierhealth. com)

Normal Liver Physiology Portal triad The liver is the largest of the abdominal organs lying just below the diaphragm Central Vein This is a microscopic section of normal liver. The liver is divided into lobules which consist of portal triads and a central vein

jaundice

Alcohol causes liver cirrhosis Alcohol related liver deaths have increased eight times in the UK since 1970 Overall in the EU they are falling

Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) • Most common preventable cause of adverse CNS development rld o w 0 0 0 1, r e p s h rt i b 3 o t 1 wide? ? • 4, 000 -12, 000 infants per year in US • • • Characteristics Growth retardation Facial malformations Small head Greatly reduce intelligence

The facial features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can be seen in both a child and a mouse fetus that were exposed to alcohol during development. child with FAS mouse fetuses Narrow forehead Short palpebral fissures Small nose Small midface Long upper lip with deficient philtrum alcohol-exposed normal

6 CELLS THAT SHOULD FORM MIDLINE STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN AND FACE ARE KILLED BY ALCOHOL ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎﺋی ﺍﺯ ﻣﻐﺰ Heart Mouse embryo (viewed from the front) at a stage corresponding to a 22 -23 day old human. ﺩﺭﺍیﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺟﻨیﻦ ﻣﻮﺵ کﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟکﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭگﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣی ﺩﻫﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﺍﺋی ﺗیﺮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑیﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ.

Growing up with FAS ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﺷﺪ یک کﻮﺩک ﺑﺎ Courtesy of Ann Streissguth

Fetal Alcohol & Drug Unit Seattle Prospective Longitudinal Study Fetal Alcohol Follow-up Study Parent Child Advocacy Program Demonstration Study Secondary Disabilities Two sites funded Brain Study 30 years Four sites funded f. MRI Study Expanded Enrollment 31 years 14 years

Gynaecomastia in cirrhosis

In the United States: ! 18 million Americans suffer from alcohol abuse or dependence ! 100, 000 alcohol-related deaths annually ! One in four children under age 18 is exposed to family alcohol problems ! Between 20%- 40% of hospital admissions are alcohol -related ! Alcohol problems cost U. S. society an estimated $185 billion annually