van Dam RM Willett WC Manson JE Hu

چﺎﻗی ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺮگ ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻮﺍﻥ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • van Dam RM, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB. The relationship between overweight in adolescence and premature death in women. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 91.

/ ﺳکﺘﻪ ﻗﻠﺒی ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ : چﺎﻗی ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺑیﻤﺎﺭیﻬﺎی ﻗﻠﺒی ﻋﺮﻭﻗی ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ آﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺭیﺘﻢ ﻗﻠﺐ ، ﻧﺎﺭﺳﺎیی ﻗﻠﺒی ، ﺳکﺘﻪ ﻣﻐﺰی ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • Sahakyan KR, Somers VK, Rodriguez Escudero JP, et al. Normal Weight Central Obesity: Implications for Total and Cardiovascular Mortality. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163: 827. Chen Y, Copeland WK, Vedanthan R, et al. Association between body mass index and cardiovascular disease mortality in east Asians and south Asians: pooled analysis of prospective data from the Asia Cohort Consortium. BMJ 2013; 347: f 5446. Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Sullivan L, et al. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1867. Rosito GA, D'Agostino RB, Massaro J, et al. Association between obesity and a prothrombotic state: the Framingham Offspring Study. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91: 683. Davì G, Guagnano MT, Ciabattoni G, et al. Platelet activation in obese women: role of inflammation and oxidant stress. JAMA 2002; 288: 2008. Klein S, Burke LE, Bray GA, et al. Clinical implications of obesity with specific focus on cardiovascular disease: a statement for professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 2004; 110: 2952. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Rexrode KM, et al. Prospective study of body mass index and risk of stroke in apparently healthy women. Circulation 2005; 111: 1992.

ﺳکﺘﻪ / ﺳکﺘﻪ ﻗﻠﺒی ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ : ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺑیﻤﺎﺭیﻬﺎی ﻗﻠﺒی ﻋﺮﻭﻗی ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ آﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺭیﺘﻢ ﻗﻠﺐ ، ﻧﺎﺭﺳﺎیی ﻗﻠﺒی ، ﻣﻐﺰی ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ. . . • • • Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Berger K, et al. Body mass index and the risk of stroke in men. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2557. Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Silventoinen K, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference, and waist hip ratio on the risk of total and type specific stroke. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1420. Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D, et al. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 305. Alpert MA, Hashimi MW. Obesity and the heart. Am J Med Sci 1993; 306: 117. Ingelsson E, Sundström J, Arnlöv J, et al. Insulin resistance and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA 2005; 294: 334 Wong CY, O'Moore Sullivan T, Leano R, et al. Association of subclinical right ventricular dysfunction with obesity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 611. Alpert MA, Terry BE, Cohen MV, et al. The electrocardiogram in morbid obesity. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 908 Pontiroli AE, Pizzocri P, Saibene A, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy and QT interval in obesity and in hypertension: effects of weight loss and of normalisation of blood pressure. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 1118. Papaioannou A, Michaloudis D, Fraidakis O, et al. Effects of weight loss on QT interval in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 2003; 13: 869.

ﺳکﺘﻪ / ﺳکﺘﻪ ﻗﻠﺒی ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ : ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺑیﻤﺎﺭیﻬﺎی ﻗﻠﺒی ﻋﺮﻭﻗی ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ آﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺭیﺘﻢ ﻗﻠﺐ ، ﻧﺎﺭﺳﺎیی ﻗﻠﺒی ، ﻣﻐﺰی ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ. . . • • Wang TJ, Parise H, Levy D, et al. Obesity and the risk of new onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2004; 292: 2471. Frost L, Hune LJ, Vestergaard P. Overweight and obesity as risk factors for atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Am J Med 2005; 118: 489. Dublin S, French B, Glazer NL, et al. Risk of new onset atrial fibrillation in relation to body mass index. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 2322. Tedrow UB, Conen D, Ridker PM, et al. The long and short term impact of elevated body mass index on the risk of new atrial fibrillation the WHS (women's health study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 2319. Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 968. Rosito GA, D'Agostino RB, Massaro J, et al. Association between obesity and a prothrombotic state: the Framingham Offspring Study. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91: 683. Davì G, Guagnano MT, Ciabattoni G, et al. Platelet activation in obese women: role of inflammation and oxidant stress. JAMA 2002; 288: 2008. Klein S, Burke LE, Bray GA, et al. Clinical implications of obesity with specific focus on cardiovascular disease: a statement for professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 2004; 110: 2952.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ چﺮﺑی ﺧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ پﺮﻓﺸﺎﺭی ﺧﻮﻥ ﺷﺮیﺎﻧی : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 968. Nguyen NT, Magno CP, Lane KT, et al. Association of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome with obesity: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 207: 928. Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, et al. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension 2003; 42: 878. Willett WC, Dietz WH, Colditz GA. Guidelines for healthy weight. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 427.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺑیﻤﺎﺭی کﻠیﻮی : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • • Fox CS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Predictors of new onset kidney disease in a community based population. JAMA 2004; 291: 844. Hsu CY, Mc. Culloch CE, Iribarren C, et al. Body mass index and risk for end stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 21. Ferris M, Hogan SL, Chin H, et al. Obesity, albuminuria, and urinalysis findings in US young adults from the Add Health Wave III study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2: 1207.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨگ کﻠیﻪ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA 2005; 293: 455.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺑیﻤﺎﺭی کﺒﺪ چﺮﺏ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • • Hickman IJ, Jonsson JR, Prins JB, et al. Modest weight loss and physical activity in overweight patients with chronic liver disease results in sustained improvements inalanine aminotransferase, fasting insulin, and quality of life. Gut 2004; 53: 413. Dixon JB, Bhathal PS, Hughes NR, O'Brien PE. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Improvement in liverhistological analysis with weight loss. Hepatology 2004; 39: 1647. Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, et al. Reversal of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia by moderate weight reduction in patientswith type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2005; 54: 603 Promrat K, Kleiner DE, Niemeier HM, et al. Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2010; 51: 121. Keating SE, Hackett DA, George J, Johnson NA. Exercise and non alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta analysis. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 157. Vilar Gomez E, Martinez Perez Y, Calzadilla Bertot L, et al. Weight Loss Through Lifestyle Modification Significantly Reduces Features of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2015; 149: 367.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ چﺮﺑی ﺩﺭ ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • Mc. Gavock JM, Victor RG, Unger RH, et al. Adiposity of the heart, revisited. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 517.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨگ کیﺴﻪ ﺻﻔﺮﺍ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • Banim PJ, Luben RN, Bulluck H, et al. The aetiology of symptomatic gallstones quantification of the effects of obesity, alcohol and serum lipids on risk. Epidemiological and biomarker data from a UK prospective cohort study (EPIC Norfolk). Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23: 733.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • Falagas ME, Kompoti M. Obesity and infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6: 438. Tsai AG, Wadden TA. In the clinic: obesity. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159: ITC 3. Farmakiotis D. Obesity and serious infections. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159: 859. Power K, Davies MM, Hargest R, et al. A case-control study of risk factors for wound infection in a colorectal unit. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2014; 96: 37.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺮﺱ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • • Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Curhan G. Obesity, weight change, hypertension, diuretic use, andrisk of gout in men: the health professionals follow up study. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 742. Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, et al. Purine rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1093. Lin KC, Lin HY, Chou P. The interaction between uric acid level and other risk factors on the development of gout among asymptomatic hyperuricemic men in a prospective study. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 1501.

: ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ آﺮﺗﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺯﺍﻧﻮ ﻭ ﻧیﺰ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺩیگﺮ . . . ﻟگﻦ ﻭ ، کﻤﺮ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • • Grotle M, Hagen KB, Natvig B, et al. Obesity and osteoarthritis in knee, hip and/or hand: an epidemiological study in the general population with 10 years follow up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2008; 9: 132. Hart DJ, Spector TD. The relationship of obesity, fat distribution and osteoarthritis in women in the general population: the Chingford Study. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 331. Cicuttini FM, Baker JR, Spector TD. The association of obesity with osteoarthritis of the hand knee in women: a twin study. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1221.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸکﻼﺕ ﺳیﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺴی ﺑیﻤﺎﺭی ﻭﻗﻔﻪ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ )آپﻨﻪ( ﻭ ﺣﺘی آﺴﻢ : ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • • Foster GD, Sanders MH, Millman R, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea among obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1017. Young SY, Gunzenhauser JD, Malone KE, Mc. Tiernan A. Body mass index and asthma in the military population of the northwestern United States. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 1605. Kim SH, Sutherland ER, Gelfand EW. Is there a link between obesity and asthma? Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2014; 6: 189.

( ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺑیﻤﺎﺭی ﺩﻣﺎﻧﺲ )ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻋﻘﻞ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • Solomon A, Kåreholt I, Ngandu T, et al. Serum cholesterol changes after midlife and late life cognition: twenty one year follow up study. Neurology 2007; 68: 751. Stewart R, White LR, Xue QL, Launer LJ. Twenty six year change in total cholesterol levels and incidentdementia: the Honolulu Asia Aging Study. Arch Neurol 2007; 64: 103.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺑیﻤﺎﺭی ﻟﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺑﺨﻮﺩی ﺧﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭیﺪﻫﺎی ﻋﻤﻘی پﺎ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷی ﺍﺯ آﻦ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • Samama MM. An epidemiologic study of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in medical outpatients: the Sirius study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 3415. Ageno W, Becattini C, Brighton T, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism: a meta analysis. Circulation 2008; 117: 93. Holst AG, Jensen G, Prescott E. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism: results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Circulation 2010; 121: 1896. Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8 th Edition). Chest 2008; 133: 381 S. Goldhaber SZ, Savage DD, Garrison RJ, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary embolism. The Framingham Study. Am J Med 1983; 74: 1023. Pomp ER, le Cessie S, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ. Risk of venous thrombosis: obesity and its joint effect with oral contraceptive use and prothrombotic mutations. Br J Haematol 2007; 139: 289. Delluc A, Mottier D, Le Gal G, et al. Underweight is associated with a reduced risk of venous thromboembolism. Results from the EDITH case control study. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 728.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸکﻼﺕ پﻮﺳﺘی ﻭ ﻧیﺰ پﺮﻣﻮیی ﻭ ، ﺯﻭﺍیﺪ چﺮﺑی ﺯیﺮ پﻮﺳﺘی ، ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎی کﺸیﺪگی پﻮﺳﺖ : ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ، ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﻭﺭی : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • • Maitra SK, Rowland Payne CM. The obesity syndrome and acanthosis nigricans. Acanthosis nigricans is a common cosmetic problem providing epidemiological clues to the obesity syndrome, the insulinresistance syndrome, the thrifty metabolism, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus type II. J Cosmet Dermatol 2004; 3: 202. Samojlik E, Kirschner MA, Silber D, et al. Elevated production and metabolic clearance rates of androgens in morbidly obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 59: 949. Kirschner MA, Samojlik E, Silber D. A comparison of androgen production and clearance in hirsute and obese women. J Steroid Biochem 1983; 19: 607.

ﺭﻭﺣیﺭﻭﺍﻧی ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺀ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻧﺎﺷی ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺳﻬﺎی : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • Gortmaker SL, Must A, Perrin JM, et al. Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1008. Dixon JB, Dixon ME, O'Brien PE. Depression in association with severe obesity: changes with weight loss. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 2058.

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ﺑﺎ "ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺧﻄﺮ ، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺴیﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ کﻪ چﺎﻗی ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ کﻠی ﻣﺮگ ﻭ ﻣیﺮ" ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻫی ﺩﺍﺭﺩ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • Mc. Tigue K, Larson JC, Valoski A, et al. Mortality and cardiac and vascular outcomes in extremely obese women. JAMA 2006; 296: 79. Yan LL, Daviglus ML, Liu K, et al. Midlife body mass index and hospitalization and mortality in older age. JAMA 2006; 295: 190. Gu D, He J, Duan X, et al. Body weight and mortality among men and women in China. JAMA 2006; 295: 776. Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 763. Jee SH, Sull JW, Park J, et al. Body mass index and mortality in Korean men and women. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 779. Freedman DM, Ron E, Ballard Barbash R, et al. Body mass index and all cause mortality in a nationwide US cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30: 822. Price GM, Uauy R, Breeze E, et al. Weight, shape, and mortality risk in older persons: elevated waist hip ratio, not high body mass index, is associated with a greater risk of death. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 449. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, et al. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2105.

ﺑﺎ ، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺴیﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ کﻪ چﺎﻗی ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ کﻠی "ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﺮگ ﻭ ﻣیﺮ" ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻫی ﺩﺍﺭﺩ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ. . . • • • Prospective Studies Collaboration, Whitlock G, Lewington S, et al. Body mass index and cause specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet 2009; 373: 1083. Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH. Cause specific excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA 2007; 298: 2028. Tobias DK, Pan A, Jackson CL, et al. Body mass index and mortality among adults with incident type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 233. Kramer CK, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions? : A systematic review and meta analysis. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159: 758. Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta analysis. JAMA 2013; 309: 71. Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR, et al. Body mass index and mortality among 1. 46 million white adults. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 2211.

ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﻣﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺑیﻤﺎﺭیﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺜیﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﺰیﻨﻪﺍی آﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑیﺸﺘﺮی ﺩﺭ آیﻨﺪﻩ ، )آﻨچﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ "ﺿﺮﺭ ﺭﻓﺎﻫی" ﻧﺎﻣیﺪﻩ ﻣی ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﻣﻌﻨی کﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺩچﺎﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭ چﺎﻗی ( ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩی ﻧﺎی ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧی ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ : ﻣﻨﺒﻊ • • • Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Brown DS, et al. The lifetime medical cost burden of overweight and obesity: implications for obesity prevention. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1843. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2000; 894 Narbro K, Agren G, Jonsson E, et al. Pharmaceutical costs in obese individuals: comparison with a randomly selected population sample and long term changes after conventional and surgical treatment: the SOS intervention study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2061. Daviglus ML, Liu K, Yan LL, et al. Relation of body mass index in young adulthood and middle age to Medicare expenditures in older age. JAMA 2004; 292: 2743. Quesenberry CP Jr, Caan B, Jacobson A. Obesity, health services use, and health care costs among members of a health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 466.