Colonial America 1607 1783 Colonial America 1607 1783

Colonial America (1607 -1783)

Colonial America (1607 -1783) The period in American history in which European nations established colonies for raw materials, new markets, and global dominance only to later have colonists rebel and seek independence through an American Revolution. • Dependence to Independence • Monarchy to republic 2

Colonial America (1607 -1783) 13 Colonies Salutary Neglect French & Indian War Harmful Neglect American Revolution

Pre-British Colonies • • Native Americans New Spain New France New Netherlands

LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND ASIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE HAS BEEN DISCOVERED THAT SHOWS THE SEA LEVELS WERE LOWER AND EXPOSED A LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN THE TWO CONTINENTS ABOUT 70, 000 YEARS AGO EXPERTS POSTULATE DIFFERENT EXACT ARRIVAL DATES FOR HUMANS BUT THE EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HUMANS LIVED THROUGHOUT NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA BY 10, 000 B. C. E. LAND BRIDGE ASIA NORTH AMERICA 5

PRE-EUROPEAN CONTACT TO THE 1700 s ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT GEOGRAPHY HELPED SHAPE CULTURES AMONG THE DIVERSE NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES v. IN THE SOUTHWEST OF NORTH AMERICA, TRIBES TENDED TO SETTLE IN ONE PLACE AND PRACTICE AGRICULTURE v. IN THE GREAT PLAINS, TRIBES HUNTED LARGE GAME LIKE BUFFALO AS WELL AS CULTIVATING FOOD v. IN THE EAST, TRIBES USED THE VARIOUS WATER SOURCES FOR TRADE, TRANSPORTATION, AND FISHING AS WELL AS RAISING CROPS 6

IN THE MIDDLE AGES EUROPEAN COUNTRIES EXPANDED BEYOND THEIR BORDERS AFTER THE CRUSADES INTRODUCED EUROPE TO THE SPICES AND RICHES OF AFRICA AND ASIA SEVERAL COUNTRIES DESIRED A MORE DIRECT ROUTE SINCE THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE CONTROLLED THE TRADE ROUTES AND PRICES. SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND THE NETHERLANDS BEGAN SEARCHING FOR NEW ROUTES VIA THE OCEAN. SEARCHING FOR A SHORTCUT 7

MORE WEALTH EXPLORE THE WORLD SPREAD CHRISTIANITY REASONS FOR EUROPEAN EXPANSION EXPAND TRADE MORE TERRITORY 8

MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO WHAT CHANGED? NEW TECHNOLOGY: 1543 GLOBE v. COMPASS v. GLOBE v. RUDDER v. IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN v. QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS) v. MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES v. MARCO POLO’S WRITINGS 9

Imperialism = The domination of one country over another for social, economic, or political control. • Colonialism = establishing territories for raw materials and new markets

MAP OF ROUTES TAKEN BY EUROPEAN EXPLORERS 11

SPANISH EXPLORATION CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR, CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE RICHES OF ASIA. THE PORTUGUESE HAD SAILED THE ROUTE AROUND AFRICA AND THEREFORE DOMINATED THE EASTERN ROUTE. AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE AMERICAS. 12

COLUMBUS AND HIS CREW ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD”, PROBABLY IN THE BAHAMAS on October 12, 1492. IT WAS CALLED THAT BECAUSE AT THE TIME NO MODERN EUROPEAN NATION WAS AWARE OF THE CONTINENT’S EXISTENCE. VIKINGS HAD EXPLORED PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA IN THE 1000 s BUT THEY DID NOT STAY. 13

EUROPE RECEIVED COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AMERICAS RECEIVED FOOD CORN, WHITE POTATOES, PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO, STRAWBERRIES, QUININE, TOBACCO SUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE, BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY, OATS, WINE GRAPES ANIMALS TURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS, RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO, RACCOONS HORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS, COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS, OXEN DISEASES SYPHILIS SMALLPOX, MEASLES, INFLUENZA RELIGION CHRISTIANITY WEAPONS AND TOOLS GUNS AND IRON TOOLS 14

SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO in 1519. FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU in 1532. THE QUEST FOR RICHES DROVE THE SPANISH TO ENSLAVE THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER, WHILE A DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS THROUGHOUT NORTH, CENTRAL, AND SOUTH AMERICA AS WELL AS SEVERAL CARIBBEAN ISLANDS GUNS, HORSES AND STEEL WERE MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO SPAIN’S SUCCESS AS THEY MADE THE SPANISH UNSTOPPABLE 15

Aztec’s Tenochtitlan

Incan Empire

NEW SPAIN CONTROLLED MOST OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, MUCH OF THE CARIBBEAN, AND PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. 18

DISEASE PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN THE COLONIZER’S SUCCESS §PRIOR TO EUROPEAN ARRIVAL IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 50 MILLION PEOPLE LIVED IN THE AMERICAS §ALTHOUGH SMALLPOX, MEASLES, AND INFLUENZA WERE WIDESPREAD THROUGHOUT EUROPE, THE DISEASE HAD NEVER INFESTED NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA §NATIVE AMERICANS HAD NO IMMUNITY TO THESE NEW DISEASES §IT IS BELIEVED THAT AS MANY AS 90 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION WAS WIPED OUT WITHIN 75 YEARS OF CONTACT §ALTHOUGH THERE WERE MANY INSTANCES WHERE NATIVE AMERICANS RESISTED EUROPEAN COLONIZATION, DISEASE CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO EUROPEAN DOMINANCE 19

AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS v. EUROPEANS, IN THEIR PUSH FOR WEALTH, FORCED NATIVE AMERICANS TO WORK AS SLAVES IN MINES AND IN SUGAR CANE FIELDS v. AS THE NATIVE POPULATION FLED AND DIED FROM DISEASES THE SPANIARDS LOOKED TO AFRICA AS A LABOR SOURCE v. MOST OF THE AFRICANS WERE FROM THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA v. SLAVES WERE TAKEN FIRST TO THE CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA v. EVENTUALLY SLAVERY WAS BROUGHT TO NORTH AMERICA MAP OF THE REGION IN AFRICA WHERE MOST PEOPLE WERE TAKEN FROM TALLY SHEET FROM AN ACTUAL CARGO OF SLAVES 20

AFRICANS CRAMMED ONTO A SHIP FOR TRANSPORT TO BECOME SLAVES 21

SLAVERY WAS AN OLD INSTITUTION • IT HAD BEEN PRACTICED FOR MANY CENTURIES IN MOST SOCIETIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD • GENERALLY SLAVES WERE WAR PRISONERS, NON-BELIEVERS OF THE RELIGION OF THEIR CONQUERORS, AND POOR PEOPLE WHO INDENTURED THEMSELVES TO GET OUT OF DEBT • SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS DIFFERED IN THAT EARLIER FORMS OF SLAVERY WERE NOT PERMANENT, INVOLVING MULTIPLE GENERATIONS, DENYING EDUCATION, MARRIAGE, PARENTHOOD, AND DID NOT DEGRADE SLAVES TO SUB-HUMAN STATUS. IT ALSO HAD NOT BEEN PRIMARILY RACE-BASED. 22

THE FRENCH IN 1524 GIOVANNI Da VERRAZANO EXPLORED THE ATLANTIC COAST BETWEEN FLORIDA AND NEWFOUNDLAND ESTABLISHED RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE AMERICAN FUR-TRAPPING TRIBES IN 1534 JACQUES CARTIER SAILED THE LAWRENCE RIVER, SOLIDIFIED THOSE RELATIONSHIPS AND CREATED NEW ONES WITH OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES ALTHOUGH THE FRENCH TRIED TO SETTLE IN FLORIDA THEY WERE STOPPED BY THE SPANISH INITIALLY THE FRENCH FISHED IN THE ATLANTIC FOR COD AND SALMON BUT FUR TRADING YIELDED BIGGER PROFITS THE FUR TRADE NECESSITATED FEW SETTLERS AT FIRST BUT BY THE MID 1600 s THE FRENCH CONTROLLED THE INTERIOR OF NORTH AMERICA 23

New France

THE DUTCH IN 1624 THE DUTCH PURCHASED WHAT TODAY IS THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN IN NEW YORK FROM LOCAL INDIANS FOR THE EQUIVALENT OF $24. THE DUTCH NAMED THE AREA “NEW AMSTERDAM”. THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY ESTABLISHED THE COLONY OF NEW NETHERLAND WHEN 30 FAMILIES SETTLED ALONG THE DELAWARE AND HUDSON RIVERS AND GOVERNOR’S ISLAND. THE DUTCH CONTROLLED THIS AREA UNTIL 1664 WHEN THE GOVERNOR SURRENDERED THE TERRITORY TO THE BRITISH. 25

New Amsterdam

Spain vs. England (1588) §PHILIP II OF SPAIN TOOK THE “INVINCIBLE ARMADA”, ABOUT 130 SHIPS, TO INVADE ENGLAND IN 1588 AND WAS DEFEATED. THIS LED TO ENGLISH DOMINANCE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC AND THE ABILITY TO EASILY NAVIGATE THE VOYAGE TO NORTH AMERICA 27

Jamestown (1607) The First English Settlement in the “New World. ” 28

JAMESTOWN AND THE VIRGINIA COLONY • THE VIRGINIA COMPANY OF LONDON RECEIVED A CHARTER FROM KING JAMES I OF ENGLAND TO SETTLE IN THE “NEW WORLD”. • Virginia Company = Joint Stock Company • Named after King James I and the “Virgin” Queen Elizabeth I. 29

Jamestown, Virginia (1607)

HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME SO POPULATED SINCE CONDITIONS WERE SO TOUGH IN VIRGINIA? ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN EUROPE LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERS THE FIRST ELECTED REPRESENTATIVE BODY IN A COLONY WAS CREATED, THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES RELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT COLONIES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH 31

Jamestown’s Legacy • First successful settlement. • Tobacco was introduced their in 1612 and made the colony prosperous. • Slavery was introduced in 1619 as a means of harvesting tobacco. • Established the House of Burgesses in 1619 as the first legislative body in the “New World. ”

13 Colonies = possessions = $$$$$ • NORTHERN COLONIES • MIDDLE COLONIES • SOUTHERN COLONIES Salutary Neglect = The policy of lax enforcement from England as long as the colonies are loyal and providing a profit. Slide 3 33

13 British North American Colonies • • • • Jamestown, Virginia (1607) Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620) New York (1664) New Hampshire Rhode Island Connecticut Pennsylvania New Jersey Delaware Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Georgia (1732) 34

THE COLONIAL REGIONS WERE DIVERSE IN GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES, AND ECONOMIES THE DARKER THE COLOR, THE HIGHER THE ELEVATION 35

New England Colonies 36

THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE MAYFLOWER AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620 37

THE PURITANS ARRIVED SHORTLY AFTER THE MORE RADICAL PILGRIMS. THEY WANTED TO “PURIFY” THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND (RATHER THAN SEPARATE LIKE THE PILGRIMS) TO REMOVE ALL TRACES OF CATHOLICISM. THEY PLANNED TO ESTABLISH MODEL CHURCHES IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND RECEIVED A ROYAL CHARTER TO ESTABLISH THE COLONY. 38

INFLUENCE of NEW ENGLAND v. Mayflower Compact (1620)a document of self-rule. v. Thanksgiving (1621) v. New England Town Hall meetings v. Puritan Theocracy v. Salem Witch Trials v. Education. Harvard College (1636), Boston Latin School (1635) v. Protestant work ethic (WASP) v. Religious Freedom 39

Massachusetts

Massachusetts

BY THE MID 1630 s ABOUT 20, 000 NEW COLONISTS ARRIVED FROM ENGLAND WHO WERE MOTIVATED BY ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND IMPROVED LIFESTYLES THAN BY RELIGIOUS FERVOR. SETTLEMENT EXPANDED INTO CONNECTICUT AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 42

OVERVIEW OF THE New England COLONIES NEW HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT LONG, COLD WINTERS AS WELL AS MOUNTAINS DID NOT ALLOW FOR LARGE-SCALE FARMING MOST SETTLERS CAME FROM ENGLAND MAIN INDUSTRIES WERE LUMBERING, SHIPBUILDING, FISHING, IRON WORKS, AND WOOL PRODUCTION MOST VILLAGES AND TOWNS WERE NEAR HARBORS IN THE EARLY YEARS LIFE WAS REGULATED BY STRICT RELIGIOUS BELIEFS 43

Middle Colonies 44

THE DUTCH COLONIZED THE AREA KNOWN TODAY AS NEW YORK 1624. THEY CONTROLLED THE REGION UNTIL 1664 WHEN THEY LOST IT TO THE ENGLISH AS A RESULT OF WAR. KING CHARLES II GRANTED NEW YORK TO HIS BROTHER JAMES AND NEW JERSEY TO 2 NOBLEMEN WHO NAMED IT AFTER THE ISLE OF JERSEY IN THE ENGLISH CHANNEL. 45

PENNSYLVANIA (PART OF WHICH LATER BECAME DELAWARE) WAS GRANTED TO WILLIAM PENN TO PAY A DEBT TO HIS FATHER PENN WAS A QUAKER WHO BELIEVED IN PACIFISM AND HUMAN EQUALITY. HE ADVERTISED HEAVILY THROUGHOUT NORTHERN EUROPE AND ENDED UP WITH PEOPLE FROM VARIOUS RELIGIONS AND ETHNIC GROUPS. 46

OVERVIEW OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE ETHNICALLY DIVERSE, ESPECIALLY ALONG THE HUDSON RIVER KNOWN AS THE “BREAD COLONIES” BUSY SHIPPING PORTS = MERCHANTS LUSH FARMLAND LED TO GRAIN AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION LIKE WHEAT AND RYE, BEEF AND PORK COTTAGE INDUSTRIES WERE WEAVING, SHOEMAKING, CABINET MAKING, AND OTHER ARTISAN CRAFTS ADDITIONAL WORKERS WERE RECRUITED FROM EUROPE AS INDENTURED SERVANTS, WHO WOULD WORK FOR A SPECIFIED NUMBER OF YEARS TO PAY FOR THEIR 47 PASSAGE

Southern Colonies 48

MOST OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES WERE PROPRIETARY AND/OR ROYAL v. VIRGINIA HAD MAJOR CLASS DIVISIONS FROM THE BEGINNING WITH A VERY RICH ELITE WHO OWNED SLAVES AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS COMPARED TO POORER PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THE BACK COUNTRY v. MARYLAND WAS FOUNDED BY CATHOLIC LORD BALTIMORE WHO INTEGRATED VIRGINIA’S EXPERIENCES WITH TOBACCO TO EXPAND THE INDUSTRY INCLUDING THE USE OF SLAVES AND INDENTURED SERVANTS v. THE CAROLINAS WERE GRANTED TO LORDS LOYAL TO KING CHARLES II. THEY SEPARATED OFFICIALLY IN 1712, AND NORTH CAROLINA TENDED TO BE POPULATED BY SELF-RELIANT SMALLER FARMERS WHILE SOUTH CAROLINA WAS HEAVILY RELIANT ON SLAVE LABOR TO HARVEST RICE v. GEORGIA WAS THE LAST COLONY AND LARGELY SERVED AS A BUFFER ZONE BETWEEN SPANISH FLORIDA AND THE ENGLISH COLONIES. ORIGINALLY SLAVERY WAS BANNED WHICH HAMPERED ITS INITIAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 49

INFLUENCES OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES v. Agrarian economy = farming = plantation system v. Tobacco is planted and harvested in 1612 v. Cotton is planted and later become the chief crop. v. House of Burgesses (1619) – The first legislature in the new world in which property owners can elect representatives in the state of Virginia. v. Slavery (1619) – The first African slaves are introduced to the English by the Dutch as plantation workers. v. Georgia (1732) is the last of the 13 colonies and established as a penal colony for indebted persons of England. 50

SOUTHERN PLANTATIONS 51

French & Indian War = Turning point Harmful Neglect = Hostilities toward England American Revolution = Independence from English rule. Slide 3 52

MERCANTILISM RESTRICTIVE LAWS PASSED BY BRITISH ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS CAUSES OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR GREAT AWAKENING POPULATION EXPLOSION AND EXPERIENCES OF COLONIAL SELF-RULE 53

MERCANTILISM = Imperialism DEFINED AS AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM PRACTICED DURING THE 18 TH CENTURY BY EUROPEAN NATIONS. BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT THERE WAS A LIMITED AMOUNT OF WEALTH IN THE WORLD AND THE WAY TO GET THE MOST GOLD AND SILVER WAS TO HEAVILY REGULATE MANUFACTURING, TRADE, AND PRODUCTION WITHIN A COUNTRY AND ITS COLONIES. GREAT BRITAIN, FOR EXAMPLE, WOULD PURCHASE RAW MATERIALS FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES AT A LOW PRICE DETERMINED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THEN THE COLONIES WERE REQUIRED TO PURCHASE THE FINISHED GOODS MANUFACTURED IN BRITAIN AT HIGH PRICES ALSO SET BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES WERE ONLY ALLOWED TO TRADE WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE. THIS SYSTEM LED TO BITTERNESS ON THE PART OF THE COLONISTS WHO HAD VERY LITTLE INPUT IN THEIR 54 ECONOMIC POLICIES.

Mercantilism

COLONIAL TRADE ROUTES 56

THE ENLIGHTENMENT INFLUENCED THE COLONISTS PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT EUROPE IN THE 17 TH AND 18 TH CENTURIES EMPHASIS ON REASON AS THE MOST IMPORTANT HUMAN ABILITY JOHN LOCKE ARGUED THAT PEOPLE POSSESSED NATURAL RIGHTS SUCH AS LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. HE BELIEVED THE PURPOSE OF GOVERNMENT WAS TO PROTECT THOSE RIGHTS. LOCKE BARON d. E MONTESQUIEU ARGUED AGAINST ABSOLUTE MONARCHY COLONIAL LEADERS BELIEVED THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT VIOLATED THESE IDEALS AND DISCUSSED STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE OPPRESSION OF KING GEORGE III MONTESQUIEU 57

THE GREAT AWAKENING RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE COLONIES IN THE EARLY 1700 s. IT WAS BASED ON REVIVALISM WHICH STRESSED INDIVIDUAL RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE RATHER THAN NEEDING CHURCH LEADERS TO CONNECT WITH GOD CONTRIBUTED TO A SENSE OF EQUALITY SINCE ALL PEOPLE WERE QUALIFIED TO TAKE AN ACTIVE ROLE IN THE CHURCH IT IS WIDELY BELIEVED THAT THIS WAS A MAJOR FACTOR WHICH LED TO THE SENSE OF FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE UNDERLYING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION INFLUENTIAL MINISTERS JONATHON EDWARDS GEORGE WHITEFIELD 58

POPULATION EXPLOSION AND COLONIAL SELF-RULE THE COLONIAL POPULATION INCREASED AT AN EXTREMELY FAST PACE AFTER 1700 NEW ARRIVALS MADE UP OF: INDENTURED SERVANTS FROM EUROPE, SLAVES FROM AFRICA, AND BIRTHS FROM COLONISTS CLEAN DRINKING WATER, PLENTY OF FOOD, AND GOOD CLIMATE WERE MAJOR CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO THE SPIKE IN BIRTHS BETWEEN 1680 -1776 MOST COLONIES HAD SOME FORM OF AN ELECTED LEGISLATURE WHICH FOSTERED A DESIRE TO SELF-RULE 59

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754 -1763 FRANCE VS. ENGLAND FOR OVER 100 YEARS THE FRENCH AND BRITISH HAD STRUGGLED FOR CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA WHICH HAD RESULTED IN THREE EARLIER WARS. BOTH FRANCE AND ENGLAND WANTED TO EXPAND THEIR TERRITORY WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS INTO THE OHIO VALLEY. CONSIDERED A TURNING POINT IN HISTORY. NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE AREA PLAYED THE COLONIAL POWERS OFF OF EACH OTHER AND TOOK SIDES WHEN THEY FELT IT WOULD BENEFIT THEIR GOAL OF HALTING FURTHER ENCROACHMENT ON THEIR LAND. Algonquin = French vs. Iroquois = English FRANCE TOOK THE EARLY LEAD, HOWEVER THE BRITISH EVENTUALLY DEFEATED THE FRENCH IN A WAR THAT WAS FOUGHT IN THE OHIO VALLEY, MONTREAL, INDIA, THE PHILIPPINES, AND THE WEST INDIES FRENCH POWDER HORN WITH RIVERS ENGRAVED ON IT 60

French and Indian War (1754 -1763)

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN (1754 -1763) COLONISTS UNIFIED FOR THE FIRST TIME BEHIND THE BRITISH TO DEFEAT THE FRENCH. THIS LED TO A SENSE OF PRIDE AND UNITY NOT EXPERIENCED PRIOR TO THE CONFLICT. GEORGE WASHINGTON FOUGHT AS A MAJOR IN THE WAR. ENGLAND’S WAR DEBT TOTALLED 140 MILLION POUNDS. THE BRITISH IMPOSED MANY TAXES ON THE COLONISTS TO PAY FOR THE WAR EFFORT WITHOUT ANY COLONIAL INPUT OR REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT. THE BRITISH RESTRICTED FURTHER WESTERN SETTLEMENT WITH THE PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763. THE COLONISTS FELT ENTITLED TO THE LANDS GAINED DURING THE WAR THEY HAD HELPED WIN. 62

HARMFUL NEGLECT (1763 -1775) GREAT BRITAIN PASSED MANY RESTRICTIVE LAWS TO PAY FOR THE WAR DEBT THAT SPARKED PROTEST ON THE PART OF THE COLONISTS. PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 – RESTRICTED COLONISTS. SUGAR ACT OF 1764 WHICH ACTUALLY LOWERED THE TAX ON SUGAR BUT TIGHTENED ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW AND CRACKED DOWN ON SMUGGLING STAMP ACT OF 1765 WHICH TAXED ALL PRINTED MATERIALS FROM NEWSPAPERS TO COLLEGE DIPLOMAS DECLARATORY ACT 1766 AUTHORIZED PARLIAMENT TO MAKE LAWS WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE COLONISTS’ TOWNSEND ACTS OF 1767 TAXED EXPORTED GOODS AND CREATED A CUSTOMS BOARD TO DESTROY SMUGGLING TEA ACT 1773 TAX TO PROTECT THE MONOPOLISTIC EAST INDIA TEA COMPANY INTOLERABLE/COERCIVE ACTS 1774 WERE DESIGNED TO PUNISH COLONISTS FOR BOSTON TEA PARTY AND MAKE THEM SUBMIT TO THE WILL OF THE BRITISH KING 63

Proclamation Line of 1763

THE BRITISH HAD WAR DEBTS IN 1764 PARLIAMENT PASSED THE SUGAR ACT WHICH COLLECTED DUTIES ON IMPORTS TO NORTH AMERICA FROM PLACES OUTSIDE THE BRITISH EMPIRE. THIS CAUSED A MAJOR UPSWING IN PRICES AS WELL AS ENFORCEMENT OF SMUGGLING LAWS. THE COLONISTS HAD NO REPRESENTATIVES IN PARLIAMENT AND SENT PETITIONS PROTESTING THE TAX. THE STAMP ACT IN 1765 AFFECTED ALMOST EVERY COLONIST AS IT TAXED ANY PRINTED MATERIALS. THIS WAS THE FIRST TAX ON GOODS WITHIN THE COLONIES AND IT UNITED THE DIVERSE POPULATION AGAINST THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AS THEY STILL HAD NO REPRESENTATIVES IN PARLIAMENT. TAX STAMP USED ON ALL PRINTED MATERIALS 65

PROTESTS OVER THE NEW TAXES LED TO THE CREATION OF GROUPS SUCH AS THE SONS OF LIBERTY WHO WERE WILLING TO USE VIOLENCE IF NECESSARY TO CONVINCE THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT TO REPEAL THE LAWS MADE WITHOUT REPRESENTATION THE TAX COLLECTOR TARRED, FEATHERED, AND FORCED TO DRINK STEAMING HOT TEA 66

BOSTON MASSACRE 1770 THE BRITISH SENT TROOPS TO BOSTON IN AN ATTEMPT TO RESTORE ORDER, HOWEVER A CLASH BETWEEN SOLDIERS AND TOWNSPEOPLE RESULTED IN 5 COLONISTS’ DEATHS. THE TROOPS WERE BASICALLY ACQUITTED IN A TRIAL, WHICH FUELED THE ANGER OF THE COLONISTS. ENGRAVING OF THE EVENT BY PAUL REVERE 67

BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773 THE MOST FAMOUS OF MANY PROTESTS AGAINST THE TEA ACT OF 1773, A TAX DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE BRITISH TEA MONOPOLY. ABOUT 50 MEMBERS OF THE SONS OF LIBERTY ORGANIZATION DRESSED UP AS MOHAWK INDIANS AND DUMPED THOUSANDS OF POUNDS OF TEA FROM 3 SHIPS INTO THE BOSTON HARBOR. 68

FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 1774 • FIFTY SIX MEN FROM TWELVE COLONIES (GEORGIA DECLINED) • MET TO DISCUSS THE INTOLERABLE ACTS PASSED BY PARLIAMENT TO PUNISH THE COLONISTS FOR THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. • THEY DRAFTED THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND GRIEVANCES TO BE SENT TO KING GEORGE. • Sent supplies and food to Massachusetts. • Informed citizens to begin to arm themselves 69

American Revolution (1775 -1783)

Famous Patriots

LEXINGTON AND CONCORD IN APRIL 19, 1775. • The Shot Heard Round the World JOHN HANCOCK SAMUEL ADAMS IN LEXINGTON 8 COLONISTS WERE KILLED. IN CONCORD 73 BRITISH TROOPS WERE KILLED AND 93 COLONISTS WERE KILLED. 72

IN RESPONSE TO THE BLOODSHED THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS WAS CALLED IN PHILADELPHIA IN MAY 1775. THEY SENT A PETITION TO THE KING THAT BLAMED PARLIAMENT FOR THE PROBLEMS IN THE COLONIES AND ASKED HIM FOR RESOLUTION. THE CONGRESS RAISED AN ARMY OF 20, 000 MEN AND ELECTED GEORGE WASHINGTON AS THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE MILITARY. LATER THEY SENT DELEGATES TO NEGOTIATE WITH NATIVE AMERICANS, SET UP A POST OFFICE, SOUGHT FOREIGN AID, SIGNED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, SERVED AS THE GOVERNMENT DURING THE WAR AND ULTIMATELY WROTE THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 73

THE KING REJECTED THE PETITION AND SENT MORE TROOPS BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL JUNE 1775 74

BOTH SIDES HAD STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES COLONISTS BRITISH STRENGTHS STRONG MILITARY LEADERS LARGE NUMBER OF TROOPS FOREIGN AID PROFESSIONAL ARMY MORAL ADVANTAGE WEALTHY AGRICULTURALLY SELFSUFFICIENT ABILITY TO HIRE MORE TROOPS LARGE AREA WEAKNESSES DISORGANIZED 3, 000 MILES AWAY: DIFFICULT TO GET SUPPLIES, ORDERS LACK OF UNITY WEAK GENERALS ECONOMIC PROBLEMS FRANCE WANTED REVENGE 75

THOMAS PAINE AND COMMON SENSE WIDELY READ PAMPHLET PUBLISHED IN JANUARY OF 1776 THAT OUTLINED THE REASONS TO SEPARATE FROM GREAT BRITAIN 76

THE CONGRESS MET AGAIN IN JUNE 1776 AND COMMISSIONED THOMAS JEFFERSON TO DRAFT A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. THE DOCUMENT HAD THREE PARTS: THE PURPOSE OF A GOVERNMENT, 27 REASONS FOR SEPARATION, AND THE OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 77

56 MEN SIGNED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OVER SEVERAL MONTHS, WITH THE ADOPTION ON JULY 4, 1776 78

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE LASTED UNTIL 1783 WITH MANY PIVOTAL MOMENTS FOR EACH SIDE BATTLE OF SARATOGA WASHINGTON CROSSED THE DELAWARE RIVER 79

THE BATTLE OF YORKTOWN 1781 THE COLONISTS, WITH THE HELP OF THE FRENCH, FINALLY DEFEATED THE BRITISH. 80

TREATY OF PARIS (1783) Officially ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized American Independence. Area given to the new U. S. by Great Britain in 1783 81