Charles Darwin Feb 12 1809 Apr 19 1882

Charles Darwin (Feb. 12, 1809 – Apr. 19, 1882)

“Probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed, ” Darwin: On the Origin of Species (1859)

細胞的演化 • LUCA: 第一個原核細胞 (prokaryotes) –Bacteria –Archaeal – 如何從環境中取得食物? LUCA Tree of life (based on 16 S r. RNA sequences)

How bacteria and archaeal diverged from LUCA ?

differences of membrane lipid between bacteria and archaeal

Bacteria versus Archaeal

Classification of bacteria by dye staining

What message we learn from such difference? LUCA apparently did not have a membrane comparable to that in either modern archaea or bacteria. The bubbly mineral cells have their own inorganic walls, which were lined in some regions by hydrothermally synthesized lipids – that were eventually replaced by enzymatically derived lipid membranes, independently, in the archaeal and eubacterial stem lineages.

細胞的演化 • 18 -20 億年前 – 一個全新的生命型態 – 真核細胞 eukaryotes – 如何從環境中取得食物? LUCA Is Eucarya independently evolved from Archaea and Bacteria?

Targets of Antibiotics

Strategy to Escape • Antibiotics resistant gene – Digesting enzyme – Increase exporter protein • To change the structure of targets (archaeal) – Ribosome (r. RNA and ribosomal proteins) – RNA polymerase • To take alternative way to increase strength of the cell membrane – Lost cell wall – Invention of cytoskeleton

真核細胞 (eukaryotes): Lost cell wall and Cytoskeleton under the plasma membrane

Origin of nucleus

F: food vacuole L: lysosome 柔軟的外套: 吞噬作用（phagocytosis）

真核細胞的起源 An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life Nature 504: 2 3 1 -6; 2013

An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life Nature 504: 2 3 1 -6; 2013

Origin of mitochondria: 整廠輸出的「基因改造」; 吃掉它, 不如共生互利! But when this event occur?

Reconciling an archaeal origin of eukaryotes with engulfment: a biologically plausible update of the Eocyte hypothesis. Research in Microbiology 162 (2011) 71 -76

Many unicellular eukaryotes that lack mitochondria yet contains an alternative organelle, the hydrogenosome, involved in pyruvate metabolism. Hydrogenosomes, mitochondria and early eukaryotic evolution. IUBMB Life. 2003 Jul; 55(7): 387 -95.

曾有真核細 胞是不含粒 腺體的！ 所有真核細 胞都曾含有 過粒腺體。 Reconciling an archaeal origin of eukaryotes with engulfment: a biologically plausible update of the Eocyte hypothesis. Research in Microbiology 162 (2011) 71 -76

Martin W and Müller M "The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote". Nature 392: 37– 41; 1998.

Proteins Encoded by Eukaryotic Genes of Archaebacterial and Eubacterial Ancestry Are Enriched in Different Cell Compartments, yet Intertwined. PNAS 110: E 1594–E 1603; 2013

Major transitions to multicellularity: the formation of a cooperative group; the transformation of that group into an integrated entity. Cooperation, division of labor, communication, mutual dependence, and negligible within-group conflict. PNAS 112 : 10113 -119; 2015

A ratchet moving in its "forward" direction.

The private life of plants-The seeds of a dandelion begin their flight(p 17)

The private life of plants-South African ants hauling the seed of a plant down into the underground nest, in order to eats its coating(p 24)

The private life of plants-The fearsome seed-pod of the African grapple plant (p 23)

Storage root Transverse section of root 2 -mg phloem fragments Fragments cultured in nutritive medium Free cells in suspension A View of Life-fig 8 -3 (p 199) “Embryoid ” from cultured free cells Plantlet Flowering plant

From left, a choanoflagellate colony, feeding cells of sponges that resemble choanoflagellates and a choanoflagellate with its long flagellum and collar of filaments.

• One hypothesis for origin of animals from a flagellated protist suggests that a colony of identical cells evolved into a hollow sphere. • The cells of this sphere then specialized, creating two or more layers of cells.

Solution

生物學：一亇帶着歷史經驗的科學 “Any living cell carries with it the experiences of a billion years of experimentation by its ancestors” “ A physicist looks at biology” Max Delbruck, 1949

"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. " T. Dobzhansky 1900 - 1975.

• Project 523 (May 23, 1967)—set out to battle chloroquine-resistant malaria • In early 1969, Tu was appointed head of the Project 523 research group at China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing • By 1971, her team had made 380 extracts from 200 herbs. The researchers then assessed whether these substances could clear Plasmodia from the bloodstream of mice infected with the parasite. • One of the extracts looked particularly promising: Material from Qinghao • October 1981, Professor Tu, invited to present her work at a meeting sponsored by the World Health Organization

Received 11/15/1978 Published March 1979

Received 12/7/1978 Published April 1979 王正中教授 (王正方的哥哥)