Chapter 14 The Mongols and Their Successors 1200

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Chapter 14 The Mongols and Their Successors, 1200– 1500 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning.

Chapter 14 The Mongols and Their Successors, 1200– 1500 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives (Slide 1 of 4) ▪ ▪ ▪ Describe William of Rubruck’s travel

Learning Objectives (Slide 1 of 4) ▪ ▪ ▪ Describe William of Rubruck’s travel account and its insights about the Mongols Recognize how the nomadic nature of pre–Chinggis Khan Mongolian peoples contributed to their success as conquerors Identify the religious principles of the Mongols and how they merged Christianity with those beliefs Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives (Slide 2 of 4) ▪ ▪ ▪ Outline the basic social class

Learning Objectives (Slide 2 of 4) ▪ ▪ ▪ Outline the basic social class structure of the Mongols and how labor was divided by gender Discuss Chinggis Khan’s rise to power Explain how the different sectors of the Mongol Empire were bound together and what led to its breakup in the 1260 s Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives (Slide 3 of 4) ▪ ▪ Describe how the postal relay system

Learning Objectives (Slide 3 of 4) ▪ ▪ Describe how the postal relay system was used to transfer ideas and transport people throughout the Mongol Empire Identify the states that succeeded the Qipchaq and Chaghatai khanates Explain the military innovations that fueled the rise of the Ottomans Summarize the cultural developments that typified Ottoman rule Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives (Slide 4 of 4) ▪ ▪ Compare the Yuan and Ming dynasties

Learning Objectives (Slide 4 of 4) ▪ ▪ Compare the Yuan and Ming dynasties to previous Chinese dynasties Discuss the legacy of Mongol rule in East and Southeast Asia Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

MTSAU Ep 5 0 -11: 52 Mongols

MTSAU Ep 5 0 -11: 52 Mongols

William of Rubruck In 1255, after his return from Mongolia, William of Rubruck wrote

William of Rubruck In 1255, after his return from Mongolia, William of Rubruck wrote a confidential report about his attempt to convert the Mongols to Christianity. He addressed it to his sponsor, French king Louis IX. The highly decorated capital letter shown here from a medieval manuscript shows two scenes from William’s travels. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Travels of William of Rubruck Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Travels of William of Rubruck Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Introduction ▪ 1255: Franciscan monk William of Rubruck ▪ ▪ Reported attempts to convert

Introduction ▪ 1255: Franciscan monk William of Rubruck ▪ ▪ Reported attempts to convert Mongols to Christianity Provided a detailed account of Mongol life Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

I am the punishment of God. . . If you had not committed great

I am the punishment of God. . . If you had not committed great sins, God would not have sent a punishment like me upon you. ” ― Genghis Khan The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters. ” ― Genghis Khan An action committed in anger is an action doomed to failure. ” ― Genghis Khan

Facts from history. com He was responsible for the deaths of as many as

Facts from history. com He was responsible for the deaths of as many as 40 million people. He created one of the first international postal systems. He was tolerant of different religions. No one knows how he died or where he is buried. Genghis Khan’s DNA is present in about 16 million men alive today Read more: https: //www. smithsonianmag. com/smartnews/other-men-who-left-huge-geneticlegacies-likes-genghis-khan 180954052/#Ya. SKHut. Aj. YRVcc. UD. 99 Give the gift of Smithsonian magazine for only $12! http: //bit. ly/1 c. GUi. Gv Follow us: @Smithsonian. Mag on Twitter

From Nomads to World Conquerors, 1200– 1227 ▪ The Mongol Empire came into being

From Nomads to World Conquerors, 1200– 1227 ▪ The Mongol Empire came into being between 1200 and 1250 ▪ ▪ ▪ Founded by Chinggis Khan Mongols lived as nomads at the time of Chinggis’s birth around 1167 Mongols conquered gigantic sections of Europe, Central Asia, and China Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Mongols’Nomadic Way of Life Before 1200 ▪ Nomadic peoples of Mongolia before 1000

The Mongols’Nomadic Way of Life Before 1200 ▪ Nomadic peoples of Mongolia before 1000 spoke different Turkic languages ▪ ▪ ▪ Oldest Mongolian source was an oral epic, The Origin of Chinggis Khan, created around 1228, but written down a century later Mongols’homeland was mostly steppe grasslands with few rivers and trees Land was suitable for grazing herds Khusugtun Batzorig Chinggis khaan (page Batzorig Vaanchig) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Religious Practices of the Mongols ▪ Mongols worshipped nature spirits to whom they prayed

Religious Practices of the Mongols ▪ Mongols worshipped nature spirits to whom they prayed for protection ▪ ▪ Tengri: Sky god Itügen: Earth goddess Shamans mediated between deities and the Mongols Nestorian Christians also preached among the Mongols in Uighur Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Mongolian Shaman taking on his Grandfather Spirit

Mongol Society ▪ Two social classes ▪ ▪ ▪ Ordinary Mongols Families of the

Mongol Society ▪ Two social classes ▪ ▪ ▪ Ordinary Mongols Families of the chiefs Inside the Rugged Lives of Mongolia’s Nomads | Short Film Showcase Lived in felt tents that could be packed up or assembled quickly ▪ ▪ Women ran the household; made butter and khumis Men made bows and arrows, and equipment for horses, wagons; tended the horses Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Rise of Chinggis Khan (Slide 1 of 2) ▪ About 1167: Chinggis Khan

The Rise of Chinggis Khan (Slide 1 of 2) ▪ About 1167: Chinggis Khan born Temüjin, son of the chieftain of a small band ▪ ▪ ▪ His father murdered when Temüjin was nine years old By 1206, Temüjin formed a confederation of northern Mongolia Named Chinggis Khan: universal ruler Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Rise of Chinggis Khan (Slide 2 of 2) ▪ Mongol leaders were chosen

The Rise of Chinggis Khan (Slide 2 of 2) ▪ Mongol leaders were chosen by tanistry— most qualified member of a chief’s family led the band ▪ ▪ When the chief died, all contenders for chieftain proved themselves worthy by defeating rivals in battle Mongols gathered at an assembly, or khuriltai ▪ Acclaimed new leader Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Conquests Under Chinggis ▪ Chinggis reorganized army to weaken ties to old group identities

Conquests Under Chinggis ▪ Chinggis reorganized army to weaken ties to old group identities ▪ ▪ All able-bodied men between fifteen and seventy fought Women also served, if necessary Important military advantage—horses Overriding goal: Conquer territory as quickly as possible History vs. Genghis Khan - Alex Gendler Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

A Mongol Archer in Italian Eyes This Mongol warrior’s skull-like face stares menacingly at

A Mongol Archer in Italian Eyes This Mongol warrior’s skull-like face stares menacingly at the viewer. He clasps a compound bow in his left hand, an arrow in his right. When the Mongols laid siege to cities, row after row of mounted archers shot showers of arrows with devastating effect. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Mongol Governance ▪ After conquering a region, one man was appointed governor, or darughachi

Mongol Governance ▪ After conquering a region, one man was appointed governor, or darughachi ▪ ▪ Collected taxes Mongols had highest levels in government ▪ Conquered peoples: ▪ ▪ ▪ Staffed lower branches of government Permitted to continue own religious practices Religious institutions did not pay taxes Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The United Mongol Empire After Chinggis, 1229– 1260 ▪ The reign of Ögödei, 1229–

The United Mongol Empire After Chinggis, 1229– 1260 ▪ The reign of Ögödei, 1229– 1241 ▪ 1227: Chinggis Khan died ▪ ▪ Before his death, Chinggis divided empire among his four sons Two years after Chinggis’s death, khuriltai asked Ögödei to govern all Mongols’ realm 1230 s: Mongols attacked and subdued Russia 1242: Mongols halted invasion of Europe when Ögödei died Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Postal Relay System (Slide 1 of 3) ▪ During Ögödei’s reign, the Mongols

The Postal Relay System (Slide 1 of 3) ▪ During Ögödei’s reign, the Mongols created a postal relay system ▪ ▪ ▪ Communication was possible throughout the realm Mongols set up fixed routes with stops every 30 miles Messengers carried a silver or bronze tablet that established their authority Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Postal Relay System (Slide 2 of 3) ▪ 1253: William of Rubruck began

The Postal Relay System (Slide 2 of 3) ▪ 1253: William of Rubruck began travel in the Mongol Empire ▪ ▪ ▪ William traveled to court of Sartakh’s, a greatgrandson of Chinggis Sartakh told William he needed permission from Batu, Sartakh’s father and a grandson of Chinggis, to preach William set off for Khara Khorum with a Mongol escort, using the postal relay system Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Postal Relay System (Slide 3 of 3) ▪ 1254: William met with Möngke

The Postal Relay System (Slide 3 of 3) ▪ 1254: William met with Möngke at his winter court ▪ ▪ ▪ William asked permission to preach to the Mongols William spent two months at the winter court and three months at Khara Khorum At the capital, William met slaves from the many peoples conquered by the Mongols ▪ Skilled craftsmen who introduced new technology into the Mongol world Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Mongol Rulers, 1206 -1260 When Chinggis Khan died in 1227, no one knew whether

Mongol Rulers, 1206 -1260 When Chinggis Khan died in 1227, no one knew whether his empire would survive him. From 1229 to 1260, the Mongols remained united but were led by different rulers. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Empire Comes Apart, 1259– 1263 ▪ The Mongol Empire was always loosely organized

The Empire Comes Apart, 1259– 1263 ▪ The Mongol Empire was always loosely organized ▪ ▪ Local languages used by local rulers 1258: Hülegü, brother to Möngke, conquered Baghdad 1260: Hülegü’s army defeated by Mamluks of Egypt 1263: Mongol leader of Qipchaq Khanate in Russia allied with Mamluks against Hülegü Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Successor States in Western Asia, 1263 – 1500 ▪ The Mongolian Empire divided into

Successor States in Western Asia, 1263 – 1500 ▪ The Mongolian Empire divided into four sections ▪ ▪ Eastern realm consisted of Mongolian heartland China Western Mongolian lands divided into three important khanates ▪ ▪ ▪ Il-khanate in Iran Qipchaq khanate or Golden Horde, north of the Black, Caspian, and Aral Seas Chaghatai khanate in Central Asia Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Four Quadrants of the Mongol Empire Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights

The Four Quadrants of the Mongol Empire Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Il-khanate, the Qipchaq Khanate, and the Rise of Moscow (Slide 1 of 2)

The Il-khanate, the Qipchaq Khanate, and the Rise of Moscow (Slide 1 of 2) ▪ 1258: Hülegü conquered Iran ▪ ▪ Took the title il-khan, subordinate to his brother Möngke 1265– 1295: Five of Hülegü’s sons and grandsons ruled Il-khanate never found an efficient way of taxing people of Iran 1335: Last descendent of Hülegü died ▪ Il-khanate broke up Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Il-khanate, the Qipchaq Khanate, and the Rise of Moscow (Slide 2 of 2)

The Il-khanate, the Qipchaq Khanate, and the Rise of Moscow (Slide 2 of 2) ▪ ▪ 1250 s: Qipchaq rulers converted to Islam Before Mongol invasions, Kiev ruled over other Russian principalities ▪ ▪ The principality of Muscovy (Moscow) eventually emerged as Kiev’s successor Ivan III defeated other Russian families ▪ Became undisputed leader of the region Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Chagatai Khanate and Timur the Lame ▪ Chagatai khanate had two halves ▪

The Chagatai Khanate and Timur the Lame ▪ Chagatai khanate had two halves ▪ ▪ ▪ 1350: Timur the Lame took over Samarkand ▪ ▪ Eastern half: Grasslands in Mongolia Western half: Large cities of the Silk Road Forcibly resettled artisans and architects By 1500, Mongol states broken into smaller regional states Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Shah-i-Zinda Burial Complex at Samarkand This burial complex within the city walls of

The Shah-i-Zinda Burial Complex at Samarkand This burial complex within the city walls of Samarkand contains structures that show the use of tiles changed over time. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Wait For It. . . The Mongols!: Crash Course World History #17

Wait For It. . . The Mongols!: Crash Course World History #17

The Ottomans, 1300– 1500 The Rise Of The Ottoman Empire ▪ The rise of

The Ottomans, 1300– 1500 The Rise Of The Ottoman Empire ▪ The rise of the Ottomans, 1300– 1400 ▪ Osman emerged as leader of the Turkish nomads ca. 1300 ▪ ▪ In 1300 s, Ottomans conquered chunks of weakened Byzantine empire in Greece, Bulgaria, and the Balkans Captured Christian soldiers forced to join the army ▪ Called Janissaries, many eventually converted to Islam Janissaries Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople, 1453 ▪ 1451: Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) became

The Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople, 1453 ▪ 1451: Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) became Ottoman emperor ▪ ▪ Decided to end the Byzantine Empire Byzantine army of 8000 outnumbered by 80, 000 Ottomans When city fell, Mehmed led small group of guards and advisers to the Hagia Sophia Constantinople converted to a Muslim city by turning churches into mosques Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Siege of Constantinople, 1453 This illustration from a French manuscript portrays the fall

The Siege of Constantinople, 1453 This illustration from a French manuscript portrays the fall of Constantinople. The artist captures the city’s vulnerability: the Ottoman forces gather on all sides, while the Byzantine troops are concentrated in the central walled triangle. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

MTSAU Ep 8 16: 43 -25: 35 Siege of Constantinople

MTSAU Ep 8 16: 43 -25: 35 Siege of Constantinople

Converting a Church into a Mosque The Ottomans transformed Hagia Sophia into a mosque

Converting a Church into a Mosque The Ottomans transformed Hagia Sophia into a mosque by adding four minarets outside the original church building and by clearing a giant hall for prayer inside. They also constructed a traditional Islamic garden, complete with fountain, behind the mosque. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

East Asia During and After Mongol Rule, 1263– 1500 ▪ The conquests of Khubilai

East Asia During and After Mongol Rule, 1263– 1500 ▪ The conquests of Khubilai Khan and their limits Kublai Khan's war speech (from Marco Polo) ▪ When the Mongol Empire collapsed in 1260, Khubilai Khan was ruler of China ▪ ▪ ▪ Khubilai was suspicious of Chinese learning 1274 and 1281: Mongols unsuccessfully invaded Japan, which was ruled by the Kamakura ▪ Kamakura later fell in 1333 Khubilai died in 1294; replaced by Mongol rulers who had grown up in China Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

A Mongol Hunting Party as Seen by a Chinese Artist The Chinese artist Liu

A Mongol Hunting Party as Seen by a Chinese Artist The Chinese artist Liu Guandao rendered the hunting party of Khubilai Khan in exquisite detail. Note the different animals the Mongols used for hunting: a greyhound dog and a cheetah. The skills the Mongols developed while hunting were directly transferable to warfare. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The First Ming Emperors, 1368– 1405 ▪ The first emperor of the Ming dynasty

The First Ming Emperors, 1368– 1405 ▪ The first emperor of the Ming dynasty was Ming Taizu ▪ ▪ ▪ Realm included much of the land once conquered by the Mongols Kept administrative units used by the Mongols The Ming kept a conservative class system ▪ Each family assigned a type of labor; required to preform for a fixed number of days annually Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

MTSAU Ep 6 16: 50 -25: 58 Ming

MTSAU Ep 6 16: 50 -25: 58 Ming

The Chinese Voyages to South and Southeast Asia and Africa, 1405– 1433 ▪ The

The Chinese Voyages to South and Southeast Asia and Africa, 1405– 1433 ▪ The Yongle emperor ▪ ▪ The Yongle Encyclopedia: All written material gathered into one set of books Zheng He expeditions ▪ ▪ Series of voyages designed to display might of the Yongle emperor 1433: Voyages ended when Zheng He died "Zheng He" - The Great Voyager 1405 -1433 AD Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Weird or What? : Did the Chinese discover America? ZH: Greatest Naval Explorer You Never Knew? China's Zheng He

Zheng He’s Voyages, 1405– 1433 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Zheng He’s Voyages, 1405– 1433 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

State-of-the-Art Cartography in the 1400 s: The Kangnido Map In 1402, Korean cartographers made

State-of-the-Art Cartography in the 1400 s: The Kangnido Map In 1402, Korean cartographers made a map showing Afro-Eurasia. Although the proportions are wrong, the map testifies to the wide circulation of information under the Mongols. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Timeline EVENT APPROXIMATE DATE(S) (CE) For Comparison: Delhi sultanate in north India 1,

Chapter Timeline EVENT APPROXIMATE DATE(S) (CE) For Comparison: Delhi sultanate in north India 1, 206 to 1, 526 East Asia: Reign of Chinggis Khan 1, 206 to 1, 227 East Asia: Lifetime of William of Rubruck 1, 215 to 1, 295 East Asia: Mongol Empire Divided 1, 227 to 1, 260 East Asia: Mongols conquer northern China 1, 234 Western Asia: Qipchaq khanate dominates southern Russia 1, 236 to 1, 395 Western Asia: Il-khanate in Iran 1, 258 to 1, 335 East Asia: Khubilai founds Yuan dynasty 1, 260 to 1, 368 East Asia: Mongols take control of Koryo 1, 273 Western Asia: Rise of the Ottomans 1, 300 to past 1, 500 East Asia: Mongols revive civil service examinations 1, 315 Western Asia: Ibn Battuta visits Ottomans 1, 331 For Comparison: Ibn Battuta journeys to Africa, Asia 1, 333 to 1, 349 East Asia: Founding of Ming dynasty 1, 368 to 1, 644 Western Asia: Conquests of Timur the Lame 1, 370 to 1, 405 For Comparison: Ibn Khaldun's world history 1, 377 East Asia: Kangnido map drawn in Korea 1, 402 East Asia: Voyages of Zheng He 1, 405 to 1, 433 Western Asia: Ulugh Beg builds observatory 1, 449 Western Asia: Fall of Constantinople 1, 453 Western Asia: Ivan III of Muscovy united Russian principalities 1, 462 to 1, 505 For Comparison: Columbus's first voyage to the Americas 1, 492 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.