The Mongols Eurasian Migrations 1200 1500 Mr Ermer

The Mongols & Eurasian Migrations 1200 -1500 Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

Happening Now v v Americas v 1325: Aztecs found Tenochtitlan v 1438 -1533: Inca Empire Europe v 1215: Magna Carta signed in England v 1337 -1453: Hundred Years War v 1454: Gutenberg Bible printed Middle East v 1258: Mongols attack Baghdad, end Abbassid Caliphate v 1453: Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople Africa v 1324 -25: Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca v 1499: Vasco da Gama rounds Africa

Rise & Rule of The Mongols v v Mongols: Turkic speaking pastoral nomads of Central Asia/Mongolia v Superb horsemen, herders, and hunters v Slave labor, tribute clans v Interfamily alliances + interfaith marriage= political federations v Self-sufficient with meat/milk, traded for iron v Khans spoke to and for God, shamanism v Mongol women give great respect and freedom relative to village women 1206 -1227: Genghis Khan, Temüjin, becomes Mongol leader v Promotes religious tolerance, cultural diversity and exchange, and harsh punishment for enemies v 1206 -1221: Empire stretches from China to Iran 1227 -1241: Reign of Great Khan Ögödei v Established capital at Karakorum v Tanggut and Jin China destroyed, replaced with Mongol governors v 1236 -1241: Batu conquers Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary 1265: Family unity breaks down when Khublai declares himself Khan v 1271: Moves capital to Beijing, founds Yuan Empire in China v Other Mongols establish Islam in Central Asia, maintain inter-Turkic relations

Genghis’s Family of Khans Genghis Khan r. 1206 -1227 Jagadai Jochi r. 1227 -1242 Jagadai Khanate Ögödei Tolui r. 1227 -1241 Batu r. 1224 -1255 Golden Horde of Russia Güyük Möngke r. 1246 -1248 r. 1248 -1257 Khubilai Hülegü r. 1265 -1294 Yuan Emperor r. 1256 -1265 Il-khan Emperor

Mongol Domains, 1300

Mongols & Islam v Islamic culture destroyed with Mongol invasion of Baghdad v Cultures difficult to reconcile v Il-Kahn state founded by Hülegü in Persia v Shortly allied with Western European Crusader states in Palestine, Lebanon v Convert to Islam in 1295 v Khanate of Jagadai North Central Asia v Allied with Muslim Mamluk Turks, convert v Mongols adapt Muslim urbanism, tax system, science v Timur, commands Khanate of Jagadai, invades Middle East and India

Responses in Western Eurasia v Russia v Golden Horde rules from Sarai in south v v Alexander Nevskii favored by Mongols v v v Granted privileges to Orthodox Church Russian language dominates Russian princes = Mongol gov’t officials Novgorod & Moscow become trade centers Power and population shifts north Late 1400 s, Ivan III, Prince of Moscow, is tsar v Anatolia and Eastern Europe v Independent Eastern European kingdoms emerge (Lithuania, Serbia) v Ottoman Turks establish sultanate in Anatolia v 1453: Mehmet II conquers Constantinople, renamed Istanbul

Mongols In China v Great Khan Ögödei heavily taxes China, Khubilai Khan continues v Yuan successes: v Secure transportation & communication v Eurasian cultural & population exchange v Transmission of information, ideas, and skills v Acceptance of Chinese religion and culture v Tibetan Buddhist lamas become influential v Reunified China, Jin capital of Beijing established as great city v Mongol Social Structure: Mongols, Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Northern Chinese, Southern Chinese v Merchants enjoyed higher status than under traditional Chinese dynasties v Mongol infighting and Chinese farmer rebellion replaces Yuan Empire with Ming Dynasty v Independent clans still in control of Mongolia welcome Yuan refugees, new sense of Mongol unity established

Ming China v Buddhist Rebel Zhu Yuanzhang becomes Emperor Hongwu v Reestablishes traditional Chinese culture v v v v Some Mongol ideas linger (provinces, prof) Establishes Ming capital in Nanjing Espouses Confucian view of imperial power Declares war on “barbarians” Closes relations with Mid. East & Central Asia Silver replaces paper money Emperor Yongle (1403 -1424) reintroduces Mongol ideas v v v Returns capital to Beijing, improves Forbidden City Reopens relations with rest of Asia Funds maritime exploration (Zheng He) v Ming China not as innovative as Song China v Return of civil exam system discourages merchant class growth

East Asia & The Mongols v Japan and Annam escape Mongol rule v Mongol threat forces centralization v Korea conquered, local traditions thrive v Under Mongols, heavy Yuan influence v After Mongols, Korea est. Yi kingdom and trade, move capital to Seoul v Renew study of Confucian classics v Breakthrough in printing technology

Japan and Annam v Decentralized Japan inadequate against Mongols v Kamakura Shogunate centralizes, builds coastal defenses and communication/trade infrastructure v Ashikaga Shogunate decentralize power to local warlords, est. market towns, economy grows, Zen, urbanization, tech and artistic advancement v Annam v After Mongol rule, Annam conquers Champa v United Annam is foundation of modern Vietnam