Chapter 17 Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration 1

Nomadic Economy and Society n n Rainfall in central Asia too little to support

3 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or

Nomads in Turkmenistan 4 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required

Nomadic Economy n n Trade links between nomadic and settled peoples Nomads engage in

Nomadic Society n n n Governance basically clan-based Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert

Nomadic Religion n n Shamans center of pagan worship Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity,

Military Organization n Large confederations under a khan (ruler) rarely through direct rule Authority

Turkish empires and their neighbors about 1210 CE 9 Copyright © 2007 The Mc.

Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid Empire n 8 -10 th centuries Turkish peoples on

Tughril Beg was the founder of the Seljuq Empire, and the first sultan of

Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine Empire n n n 1071 Saljuq Turks under Alp

Ghaznavid Turks and the Sultanate of Delhi n n Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, invades

Crash Course Mongols n https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=szx. Par 0 Bc. Mo 14

Chinggis Khan (1167 -1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empire n n n

Mongol Political Organization n n Broke up tribal organization Formed military units from men

Mongol Arms n Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population)

18 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or

Mongol Conquests n n Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia q

The Mongol Empires about 1300 CE 20 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies

Khubilai Khan (r. 1264 -1294) n n n Grandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of

The Golden Horde n Conquest of Russia, 1237 -1241 q q n Established tributary

The Ilkhanate of Persia n n Abbasid empire toppled Baghdad sacked, 1258 q n

Mongol Rule in Persia n Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies

Mongol Rule in China n Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese q q

The Mongols and Buddhism n n Shamanism remains popular Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet)

The Mongols and Western Integration n Experience with long-distance trade q q n n

Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia n n Overspending, poor tax returns from

Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China n n n Mongols spend bullion that

Surviving Mongol Khanates n Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia q n Continued threat

Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 1336 -1405) n Turkish conqueror Timur q n n Timur

Tamerlane’s Empire about 1405 CE 32 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc.

Tamerlane’s Heirs n n n Poor organization of governing structure Power struggles divide empire

What if the Mongols never happened? n https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=LHcr. Od 55

The Ottoman Empire n n n Osman, charismatic leader who dominates part of Anatolia

Ottoman Conquests n n 1350 s conquests in the Balkans Local support for Ottoman

The Capture of Constantinople, 1453 n n Sultan Mehmed II (“Mehmed the Conqueror”) Renamed

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Nomadic Economy and Society n n Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agriculture Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding-pastoralists q q q n n Food –What is Kumiss? Clothing Shelter (yurts) Migratory patterns to follow pastureland Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry 2 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Nomadic Economy n n Trade links between nomadic and settled peoples Nomads engage in long-distance travel q Caravan routes 5 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Nomadic Society n n n Governance basically clan-based Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority Unusually fluid status for nobility q q Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetence Advancement for meritorious non-nobles (commoners) especially if courageous during war 6 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Nomadic Religion n n Shamans center of pagan worship Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6 th century CE Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings and prominence in Eurasian trade Conversion to Islam in 10 th century due to Abbasid influence Captives integrated in caliphate’s army as slave soldiers 7 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Military Organization n Large confederations under a khan (ruler) rarely through direct rule Authority extended through tribal elders Exceptionally strong cavalries q q Mobility Speed 8 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid Empire n 8 -10 th centuries Turkish peoples on border of Abbasid empire q n n Service in Abbasid armies Eventually came to dominate Abbasid caliphs 1055 Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as sultan (chieftain or leader) Tughril consolidated his hold on Baghdad, then extended rule to other parts of the empire Abbasid caliphs served as figure heads of authority 10 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Tughril Beg was the founder of the Seljuq Empire, and the first sultan of this empire from 1037 to 1063. Tughril united the Turkmen warriors of the Great Eurasian Steppes into a confederacy. Tughril relegated the Abbasid Caliphs to state figureheads and took command of the caliphate's armies in military offensives against the Byzantine Empire in an effort to expand his empire's borders and unite the Islamic world. 11 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine Empire n n n 1071 Saljuq Turks under Alp Arslan 1063 -1072, defeat Byzantine army at Manzikert, take emperor captive Large-scale invasion of Anatolia-Many conversions to Islam-levied taxes on Byzantine church Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople 1453 12 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Ghaznavid Turks and the Sultanate of Delhi n n Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, invades northern India At first for plunder, later to rule Northern India completely dominated by 13 th century Persecution of Buddhists, Hindus 13 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Chinggis Khan (1167 -1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empire n n n Temüjin, b. 1167 Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan: “Universal Ruler” 15 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Mongol Political Organization n n Broke up tribal organization Formed military units from men of different tribes Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Karakorum 16 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Mongol Arms n Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population) q n Army c. 100 -125, 000 Strengths: q q q Cavalry Short bows Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to enemies who fight 17 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Mongol Conquests n n Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia q n emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys ruler Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions q Large-scale, long-term devastation 19 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Khubilai Khan (r. 1264 -1294) n n n Grandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of China Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant q n n n Hosted Marco Polo Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”) 21 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Golden Horde n Conquest of Russia, 1237 -1241 q q n Established tributary relationship to 15 th century Rule over Crimea to late 18 th century Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany 22 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Ilkhanate of Persia n n Abbasid empire toppled Baghdad sacked, 1258 q n 200, 000 massacred Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces 23 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Mongol Rule in Persia n Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies q n Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues q n Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century Left matters of governance to bureaucracy Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle 24 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Mongol Rule in China n Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese q q n n Intermarriage forbidden Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians) Yet tolerated religious freedoms 25 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Mongols and Buddhism n n Shamanism remains popular Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols q q Large element of magic, similar to shamanism Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as incarnations of Buddha 26 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Mongols and Western Integration n Experience with long-distance trade q q n n n Protection of traveling merchants Volume of trade across central Asia increases Diplomatic missions protected Missionary activity increases Mongol resettlement policies 27 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia n n Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290 s q Failure, forced to rescind Factional fighting Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses 28 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China n n n Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise From 1320 s, major power struggles Bubonic plague spreads 1330 -1340 s 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion 29 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Surviving Mongol Khanates n Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia q n Continued threat to China Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-16 th century q Continued threat to Russia 30 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 1336 -1405) n Turkish conqueror Timur q n n Timur the Lame: Tamerlane United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai Major military campaigns q Built capital in Samarkand 31 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Tamerlane’s Heirs n n n Poor organization of governing structure Power struggles divide empire into four Yet heavily influenced several empires: q q q Mughal Safavid Ottoman 33 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Ottoman Empire n n n Osman, charismatic leader who dominates part of Anatolia Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, 1299 Attacks Byzantine empire q Followers known as Osmanlis (Ottomans) 35 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Ottoman Conquests n n 1350 s conquests in the Balkans Local support for Ottoman invasion q n Peasants unhappy with fragmented, ineffective Byzantine rule Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440 s 36 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Capture of Constantinople, 1453 n n Sultan Mehmed II (“Mehmed the Conqueror”) Renamed city Istanbul, capital of Ottoman empire 37 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.