Ch 13 Asian Empires Qing Mughal Ottoman and

Ch. 13 – Asian Empires - Qing, Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid

IV. Asian Empires A. Making China an Empire 1. Qing expansion in the West (1680– 1760) * foreign: Manchu's from North * resented by ethnic Chinese * used Confucianism, Chinese model for bureaucracy 2. Colonial? * Expanded to incorporate Tibet, Xinjiang, Mongolia * built for security purposes, NOT economic goals/ settlement 3. Economic downturn in Central Asia * Silk roads become neglected due to rise in maritime trade

The Mughal Dynasty

The Mughal Dynasty Akbar - One of the greatest leaders - Building of military/administration systems - Patronized arts - Invented “universal” religion Din-i-Ilahi: to unite Hindu and Muslim - Social/Religious policies: 1. Reconciliation with Hindu princes 2. Encouraged intermarriage 3. Abolished jizya (head tax) 4. Allowed building of Hindu temples 5. Ordered respect for cows

The Mughal Dynasty Akbar Social/Religious reforms cont… - improve calendar - established living quarters for homeless - regulated consumption of alcohol - Encouraged widow remarriage - Discouraged child marriage - Banned sati

Taj Mahal Built by Shah Jahan Tomb for wife Mumtaz Mahl - died giving birth to 14 th child 1632 -1653 - A symbol of his love - First massive use of white marble for entire building

The Taj

Struggle for Power Auran

The Golden Age of the Ottomans

The Ottoman Bureaucracy SULTAN Divans Heads of Individual Religious Millets Social / Military Divans Local Administrators & Military Landowners / Tax Collectors Muslims Jews Christians

Mehmet II: 1444 -1445; 1451 -1481 (“The Conqueror”) -Captured Constantinople in 1453 -Extended the empire into Syria and Egypt, across North Africa -Developed into a naval power

The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople

“Golden Horn” – 15 c map

“Golden Horn” from space

“Golden Horn”

Sunset on the “Golden Horn”

The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

The End of the Byzantine Empire

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia - interior

Warfare § Military played leading role § Economy geared toward war and expansion § Warrior aristocracy granted land control over peasants § Janissaries § § Troops Conscripted through devshirme in the Balkans Given expensive schooling and conversion to Islam Became most powerful component of military = political power

Janissaries

Sultans and Court Life § § § Absolute monarchs Elaborate court rituals Administration carried out by viziers § Built mansion, rest houses, schools, hospitals, and gardens, religious buildings'…. § Wrote in Persian and Arabic…. Turkish by 17 th century

Faith Mosque

Suleiman the Magnificent: (1520 -1566) Suleiman’s Signature

Blue Mosque

Blue Mosque - interior

Illuminated Qur’an Page

Qur’an Page: The Angel Gabriel Visits Muhammad

Collection of Taxes in Suleiman’s Court

Decline of Empire - “Sick man of Europe” - Dynasty lasted for more than 600 years (most!) - Could not expand any more - Corruption among officials in administration = not effective any longer - Issues over successors - Kept like hostages - Produced less prepared/weak monarchs

Decline of Empire - 17 th century: losses multiplied rapidly - End of dominance at sea - Battle at Lepanto 1571 (Spain/Venetian) - Lost control of eastern Mediterranean - Falling behind: - Little of what happened in Europe mattered Intense conservationism of culture/way of life Proved to be fatal

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Safavid Empire (1501 -1740) Empire of the Persians

Modern day Iran § § § Population = 68+ million people 51% Persian 89% Shi’a Muslim Predominant language = Farsi

Map of Safavid Empire

Shah Ismail established the Safavid Dynasty in 1501. § He declared Shi’a Islam the new religion (over Sunni Islam). § He invited all shi’a to move to Iran where they would be protected.

Chaldiran: The Sunni Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Selim) attacked the Safavid kingdom to stop the spread of Shiaism into Ottoman dominions in 1514. Sultan Selim I also took Ismā'il's favorite wife hostage, demanding huge concessions for her release. Ismā'il refused to cede to the Ottoman demands, and is said to have died of a broken heart in 1524 at the early age of thirty-six, never having seen his beloved spouse again.

Chaldiran’s Importance - Importance of muskets and field cannons Defeat of Safavids by Ottomans End of westward expansion End of rapid spread of Shi’a Islam; stayed mostly in Persia

Abbas the Great - Educated and converted captured Russian youth to form military - Granted provincial governorships/high offices at court - Called on European assistance on wars with Ottomans - Wanted to establish empire as a major center of international trade and Islamic culture

State and Religion - Wrote in Turkish, gave way to Persian Elaborate court rituals Huge palace complexes Shifts in religious impulses - Shi’a faith modified Faith became major pillar of dynasty Most of Iranian population was converted (Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, Sufi)

Affluence and Artistic Splendor - Encouraged trade outside of culture - Network of roads, rest houses built to protect merchants - Devoted special attention to capital: Isfahan - Great square Mosques, Mosques Colleges Public baths

Mahan Mosque, 1300’s

Chehel-sotoon palace, Isfahan. Iran. 1647

Masjed-e Sheikh Lotfallah, Isfahan, Iran. 1615

The Shah Mosque, Isfahan

Shah Abbas 1571 -1629 § Defeated Ottoman Turks 1603 § Took Baghdad § Respected diplomat, Cruel warrior, tolerant to Christians…

Safavid Decline - Abbas I grandson placed on throne (weak) - Abbas II (r. 1642 -1666) - Could not stop the fall of the empire - March 1722 - Afghani tribes laid siege to Isfahan - October Isfahan fell and ended Safavid power