World History Chapter 12 Renaissance Reformation 1300 1600

World History • Chapter 12 • Renaissance & Reformation • 1300 - 1600

Section 1: The Renaissance

Targets • Explain why, between 1350 & 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they had entered a new age of human achievement • Characterize city-states which were centers of political, economic & social life in Renaissance Italy.

I. The Italian Renaissance • The word renaissance means rebirth (art and learning) • Began in Northern Italy & spread to the rest of Europe

Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance • 1. Largely an urban society, a system in which cities are the center of political, economic & social life (pg. 375) had a • 2. secular, worldly view (pg. 375)

Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance • 3. Age of recovery from th disasters of the 14 century • 4. New view of human beings emerged • 5. decline of church power

The Italian Renaissance • “Men can do all things if they will” • Well-rounded, universal person • Leonardo da Vinci, was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor & mathematician

Leonardo da Vinci

II. The Italian States • Organized in city-states • Prospered from a flourishing trade, business, banking • Trading ships • Profited from the Crusades • Milan, Venice & Florence

A. Milan • Visconti family established themselves as dukes of Milan • Francesco Sforza became the ruling duke in 1447 • mercenaries, soldiers who sold their services to the highest bidder (pg. 377)

Francesco Sforza

B. Venice • The Republic of Venice • Had an elected leader called a Doge

C. Florence • Wealthy group of merchants established control of the Florence government • Cosimo de Medici & Lorenzo de Medici, wealthy merchant family who controlled the government from behind the scenes

Lorenzo de Medici

D. The Italian Wars • 1494 the French king Charles VIII occupied the kingdom of Naples • Italian states turned for help to the Spanish

D. The Italian Wars • French & Spanish made Italy their battleground as they fought to dominate the country

The Italian Wars • Spanish king Charles I allowed mercenaries to sack Rome in 1527 • Spanish became a dominant force in Italy

III. Machiavelli & the New Statecraft • Niccolo Machiavelli • The Prince • How to acquire & keep political power

Machiavelli & the New Statecraft • A prince’s attitude toward power must be based on an understanding of human nature • Self-centered • Political activity should not be restricted by moral principles

Machiavelli & the New Statecraft • Must be will to let his conscience sleep • Abandon morality as the basis for analyzing political activity

Niccolò Machiavelli 1513 actual or appearance of good qualities and the ability to do evil if necessary

IV. Renaissance Society • Society divided into three estates or social classes • Nobility, clergy & peasants (townspeople) • Nobility made up 2 to 3 percent of the population by 1500

A. The Nobility • Ideals of the nobility expressed in The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione • Described the characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble

Baldassare Castiglione

Characteristics of a Renaissance noble • 1. born, not made • 2. had to develop two basic skills • a. acquire military skills • b. gain a classical education

Characteristics of a Renaissance noble • 3. Needed to follow a certain standard of conduct

B. Peasants & Townspeople • Peasants made 85 to 90% of the total European population • Serfdom continued to decrease • Townspeople made up the rest of the 3 rd estate • Workers earned pitiful wages and lived miserable lives

C. Family & Marriage • To maintain the family, parents carefully arranged marriages, often to strengthen business or family ties • Dowry, a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, by the bride’s parents to her husband (pg. 381)

C. Family & Marriage • The father gave his family name, managed all finances and made decisions that affected his children’s lives • Father’s authority was absolute until he died

Section 2: The Intellectual & Artistic Renaissance

Daily Objectives • Discuss humanism - the most important intellectual movement associated with the Renaissance. • Identify the great artists & sculptors produced by the Renaissance, such as Michelangelo, Rafael & Leonardo da Vinci.

I. Italian Renaissance Humanism • A key intellectual movement of the Renaissance was humanism • Humanism was based on the study of the classics, the literary works of ancient Greece & Rome

I. Italian Renaissance Humanism • Studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy & history • Today, these subjects are called the humanities

Italian Renaissance Humanism • Petrarch, called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism

Vernacular Literature • Italian: Dante • Divine Comedy • Story of the soul’s journey to salvation

Vernacular Literature • English: Chaucer • The Canterbury Tales • Collection of stories told by a group of 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of Saint Thomas a Becket at Canterbury

Vernacular Literature • Important in making his dialect the chief ancestor of the modern English language

Vernacular Literature • French: Christine de Pizan • The Book of the City of Ladies • Written in defense of women

Education in the Renaissance • The humanist movement had a profound effect on education • They wrote books on education & opened schools based on their ideas

Education in the Renaissance • Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (or rhetoric), letters (grammar & logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy & music

Education in the Renaissance • Humanist educators also stressed physical education • Javelin throwing, archery, dancing, running, wrestling, hunting & swimming • Education was practical preparation for life

Education in the Renaissance • Females were largely absent from these schools

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy • Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature in their works • Artists were developing a new world perspective • Human beings became the focus of attention

New Techniques in Painting • Fresco’s, painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints • Masaccio

New Techniques in Painting • His work had depth & came alive, used the laws of perspective, created the illusion of three dimensions, more realistic

New Techniques in Painting • Two major developments: • 1. Laws of perspective & the organization of outdoor space & light through geometry • 2. Investigation of movement & human anatomy

Sculpture & Architecture • Donatello, sculpture, copied the statues of the Greeks & Romans • Saint George

Sculpture & Architecture • Filippo Brunelleschi, architect • New architecture in Florence, the church of San Lorenzo

Masters of the High Renaissance • The High Renaissance in Italy is associated with 3 artistic giants, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, & Michelangelo • Leonardo mastered the art of realistic painting & even dissected human bodies

Leonardo da Vinci

http: //www. artchive. com/artchive/L/leonardo/lastsupp. jpg. html

Masters of the High Renaissance • Raphael, painted numerous madonnas (paintings of the Virgin Mary) • Frescoe, School of Athens

Masters of the High Renaissance • Michelangelo, painter, sculptor & architect • Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome

This detail from the Sistine Chapel is titled The Creation of Adam.

The Northern Artistic Renaissance • Northern Europe • Northern artists painted illustrations for books & wooden panels for altarpieces • Flanders became the most important northern school of art in the 15 th century

The Northern Artistic Renaissance • Flemish painter Jan van Eyck • Used oil paint, a wide variety of colors & created fine details • Giovanni Arnolfini & His Bride

The Northern Artistic Renaissance • German artist, Albrecht Durer • Adoration of the Magi

has dignity and worth seek fulfillment Humanists believed that liberal studies enabled individuals to reach their full potential. Click the mouse button or press the