Chapter 17 Objectives European Renaissance and Reformation 1300
Chapter 17 Objectives European Renaissance and Reformation 1300 -1600 • Do Now: Label notes chapter 17. 1 - 17. 4 – By the end of this chapter, students will be able to: 1. Explain the origins and innovations of the early Renaissance 2. Trace the spread of Renaissance ideas to Germany, Flanders, Holland, and England. 3. Analyze causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation. 4. Describe further changes in Protestantism and Catholic Reformation.
Renaissance Fun and Informational video lectures https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vufba_Zco. R 0
17. 1 Rebirth!! • Renaissance: a time of great creativity – Do we today live a time of great creativity? • Defined as “rebirth” of art, literature (lit. ), science, the human spirit, and learning. • Origin: Northern Italy after the Middle (dark) Ages – 1300 -1600 • People began to question the Catholic Church • Importance of the individual becomes valued
Why Italy? • Italy has 3 advantages: 1. Prosperous cities 2. Wealthy merchants 3. Classical heritage (art and literature) of Greece and Rome
Prosperous Cities • Overseas trade led to growth of cities • Northern Italy already had large towns – Urbanized – Cities were places where ideas are exchanged (learning happens) • Rest of Europe rural
Wealthy Merchants • Each city had wealthy merchants • Merchants dominated politics – Were not born into nobility – Believed in individual achievement – Funded artists • Medici Family – Banking family in Florence – Cosmo de Medici wealthiest European • Dictator of Florence (30 years) • Question: Do you find any similarities in regard to the wealthy merchants during the Renaissance and today’s political condition?
Greece and Rome • Scholars looked to Greece and Rome for art and literature • Scholars used 3 ways to learn from Greece and Rome 1. Inspired by Roman architecture 2. Studied ancient Latin manuscripts 3. Christian scholars in Anatolia (Today: Turkey) fled to Rome with ancient manuscripts • Why did they flee? • Ottomans (Muslims) conquered Constantinople (Capital of Eastern Roman Empire) • 1453
Humanism • Ancient manuscripts shed new light on life and art. – Leads to idea of Humanism • Humanism: defined as an intellectual movement focusing on human potential and achievements • Humanists: – Studied ancient text to understand values – not to agree with Christian teaching – Influenced artists and architects – Popularized the study of the “Humanities, ” (history, lit. , philosophy)
Secularism Then and Now • • • Then: Secularism referred to the belief in worldly rather than spiritual concerns – Movement in society directed away religion. Middle Age belief: suffer on earth and wait for heaven. Reaction to Middle Age belief. – People began to show more interest in human cultural achievements Today Secularism refers to: – Political arrangement making governments neutral in regard to religious belief (France: Muslims). – A widespread decline of religious belief and practice among ordinary people. “A move from a society where belief in God is unchallenged and indeed, unproblematic, to one in which it is understood to be one option among others, and frequently not the easiest to embrace. ” Richard Madsen: Secularism, Religious Renaissance, and Social Conflict in Asia:
Renaissance Man vs. Woman • During Ren. ALL educated people were expected to create art (except women – they inspired art) • A Renaissance Man was: – Charming, he danced, sang, played music, wrote poetry, was very funny, was charming, and well educated – For example:
• • • Art Ren. art based on realism and perspective – Copied from classical Greek and Roman art – Realistic portraits based on “real” individuals Use of Perspective (three dimensional painting technique on flat surface) Realistic Art Emerges: – Michelangelo Buonarroti and Donatello: focused on the human body (Ex. David) – Leonardo de Vinci: The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper – Raphael Sanzio: famous for perspective
Renaissance Art • Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam (Sistine Chapel)
Michelangelo’s vs. Donatello’s David
Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper and Mona Lisa
Raphael Sanzio’s The Transfiguration
Anguissola and Gentileschi
Medieval Art
Changing Literature: The Vernacular • Vernacular: defined as someone's native language (instead of Latin) – Who Dat • Question: How could writing a novel or informational text in the vernacular affect society?
17. 2 The Northern (European) Renaissance • How did the Ren. Spread to Northern Europe? 1. Population begins to grow after Bubonic Plague. 2. 100 Years’ War (France vs. England) ends and cities grow rapidly 3. Monarchs and merchants support artists 4. War in Italy waged by France forces Italian artists to leave for Northern Europe • Artistic ideas and humanism spreads and mingles with northern traditions – Creates a unique character to Northern Ren. art – Realism in art and social change based on Judeo-Christian values
Germany: Albrecht Durer and Hans Holbein
Flanders (now part of France and Netherlands): Jan van Eyck and Pieter Bruegel
Writers Reform Society • Northern humanists critical of Church – Church unable to influence people to live Christian lives • Christian Humanism develops • Focus: reform (change) society – Education most important (for women) • Established schools for boys AND girls • Desiderius Erasmus (Holland) and Thomas More (England) – Erasmus: made fun of greedy merchants and believed in Christianity of the heart – not ceremony – More: Utopia (Ideal place). No greed, war, or corruption exists, thus no need for money
Elizabethan Age • Spread of Ren. To England known as E. Age. – Queen Eliz. I • William Shakespeare – Works displayed deep understanding of human spirit and nature
Printing Press Spreads Ideas • Chinese invent wooden printing blocks – 1200 s block printing reaches Europe • 1440 Johann Gutenberg (Germany) invents printing press – Books now produced quickly and cheaply – Gutenberg Bible first printed 1455 • Importance: – Hundreds of copies of a single work produced – Cheap process allows many people to buy books – Education and Ren. ideas spread
Legacy of Renaissance • Changes in Art: 1. Inspired by Greece and Rome 2. Realistic images 3. Secular works not just religious 4. Vernacular 5. Arts praise human achievement • Changes in Society: 1. Printing press makes info available to masses 2. More books equaled more desire to learn 3. Published discoveries led to further discoveries 4. Published legal proceedings make laws clear 5. Christian Humanists reform society 6. People begin to question political and religious hierarchy
17. 3 Martin Luther Leads the Reformation https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 o 8 o. IELb. N x. E • Roman Catholic Church dominates life in Europe – Church interested in money and political power • Causes of Reformation: “SPER” 1. Social: Ren. ideas and Humanism and printing press 2. Political: Monarchs challenge Church and Pope 3. Economic: Euro princess and Kings jealous of Church wealth, merchants didn’t like paying taxes to Church 4. Religious: Church leaders became corrupt, church practices viewed as unacceptable
Martin Luther • German Monk and teacher • 1517 published 95 Thesis – 95 formal statements attacking church practices – Nails them to castle church – Indulgences (a pardon for sins): buy your way to heaven • Thesis are printed and distributed – Begins Reformation (a religious overhaul or improvement) – Leads to founding of Christian churches that did not accept Pope’s authority
Luther’s Teachings 1. People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness 2. Church teachings should be based on the words of the Bible 3. All people of faith were equal, thus did not need priests to interpret Bible • Church teachings: 1. “Good works” needed for salvation 2. Pope and Church were final authorities – not Bible 3. Priests interpret Bible for the people
Response to Luther • Pope excommunicates Luther after Luther doesn’t take back thesis • Luther refuses – Luther is sheltered by Prince Frederick of Saxony • Luther and his followers form the Lutheran Church (separate from the Catholic Church) • Many people apply Luther’s ideas to revolution – German peasants raid and burn monasteries and churches • Luther asked German Princes to show no mercy on the anarchists – Princes crush revolt and peasants reject Luther
German Princes Support Luther • Many German Princes support Luther – See Luther’s ideas as a way to gain Church wealth • German princes who remained loyal to the Pope agreed to join forces against Luther • Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement • Protesting princes were known as Protestants - members of non-Catholic churches
Protestantism: What are You? • Protestantism branches off from Roman Catholicism and gives rise to the following branches of Christianity - see page 491: – Lutheranism – Anglicanism • • Episcopalian Baptist Methodist Pentecostal – Calvinism – Presbyterian – Reformed » The “Word of God" was the final source of application in matters of belief
Peace of Augsburg • Charles V (5 th) believed his people should be Catholic – Goes to war vs. Protestant Princes – Wins!! But, does not force Catholicism upon people • Orders all Princes to Augsburg (Southern Germany)to meet • Decision: Peace of Augsburg – each ruler would decide the religion of its state
England’s Henry VIII • • Henry VIII (8 th) is Catholic – Wife: 1 st Catherine of Aragon – Henry does not have male heir and Catherine is 42 years-old – Wants divorce but can’t b/c (because) he’s Catholic – Wants marriage “annulled” or set aside • Pope says “No!” Henry called on English Parliament to end Pope’s power in England (Reformation Parliament) Henry became official head of English Church – not Pope (Act of Supremacy) Thomas More (Catholic Humanist) refuses to accept Henry as leader of Church and is executed Henry’s 2 nd wife (Anne Boleyn) can’t conceive male heir and she, too, is beheaded Jane Seymour (3 rd wife) finally had a son, then died Married 3 more times with no sons
Elizabeth Restores Protestantism • Church of England established – Anglican Church – Elizabeth I is head of Church • Compromises by Catholics and Protestants: – Priests in Church of England may marry – Deliver sermons in English (not Latin) – She kept Catholic ceremonies and grand robes
17. 4 Reformation Continues • John Calvin: Religious teaching based on Calvin known as Calvinism • Calvin summarizes Protestant beliefs: – Men and women are sinful by nature – God chooses those for salvation • Predestination
Calvin cont… • Calvin believes Theocracy is ideal government – Government controlled by religious leaders • John Knox: Scottish preacher puts Calvin’s ideas to work in Scotland – Each community run by presbyters – Followers called Presbyterians – Calvinism becomes Scotland's official religion • France: Calvin’s followers called Huguenots • Anabaptists (“Radical” Protestant group) believed only those old enough to decide their religion were to be baptized – Church and state should be separate – Persecuted by Catholics and Protestants
Catholic Reformation • Catholic Ref. : movement helping Catholics remain loyal to church – A counter reformation to Luther and Protestants • Led by Ignatius of Loyola – Priest who created the Jesuit order • Jesuits focus on (SEC): 1. Stopping the spread of Protestantism 2. Establishing schools 3. Converting non-Christians
Popes Lead Catholic Reformation Also known as the Counter-Reformation • Paul III took 4 steps: 1. Directed cardinals to investigate indulgences 2. Approved Jesuit order 3. Used Inquisition to seek out traitors 4. Calls for a meeting: Council of Trent • Agreement among Catholic Bishops and Cardinals 1. Church interpretation of Bible was final 2. Faith and good works needed for salvation 3. Bible and church authorities equal 4. Indulgences valid, just not the selling • Pope Paul IV carried out council rules – Burned books considered offensive such as Protestant bibles
Legacy of Reformation • 1. 2. 3. 4. Social effects: Protestant churches grow in number New denominations develop Catholic Church becomes more unified Education emphasized • 1. 2. 3. 4. Political effects: Monarchies gained power over Church Modern nation-states developed Warfare, exploration, and expansion begins Lays groundwork for Enlightenment period
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