CHAPTER 17 European Renaissance and Reformation 1300 1600

CHAPTER 17 European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300– 1600 Chapter Overview Time Line GRAPH MAP SECTION 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance SECTION 2 The Northern Renaissance SECTION 3 Luther Starts the Reformation SECTION 4 The Reformation Continues Visual Summary QUIT

CHAPTER 17 European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300– 1600 Chapter Overview Two great European movements—the Renaissance and the Reformation—usher in dramatic cultural and social changes. The Renaissance marked the flowering of artistic creativity, while the Reformation led to new Christian beliefs. HOME

CHAPTER 17 European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300– 1600 HOME Time Line 1300 Renaissance begins in Italy. 1513 Machiavelli writes The Prince. 1300 1555 Peace of Augsburg ends religious wars in Germany. 1564 William Shakespeare born. 1600 1455 Gutenberg Bible printed. 1534 Henry VIII 1558 Elizabeth I becomes head of rules England’s church, breaking ties with Rome.

1 HOME Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Key Idea The Renaissance, a period of intellectual and artistic creativity, flourishes in Italy, beginning about 1300. Versatile artists transform painting, sculpture, and literature. Overview Assessment

1 HOME Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance TERMS & NAMES Overview • Renaissance • humanism MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW • secular The European Renaissance, a rebirth of learning and the arts, began in Italy in the 1300 s. Renaissance ideas about classical studies, art, and literature still influence modern thought. • patron Assessment • perspective • vernacular

1 HOME Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Record the main ideas from the section about the Italian Renaissance I. Italy’s advantages A. Urban centers B. Wealthy merchant class C. Classical heritage II. Classical and worldly values A. Humanism B. Patronage of arts III. Renaissance art and literature A. New painting techniques B. Famous writers continued. . .

1 HOME Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Section 1 Assessment 2. Name three people from this section whom you regard as a “Renaissance man” or a “Renaissance woman. ” Explain your choices. THINK ABOUT • the idea of the “universal man” • Castiglione’s description of such a person • which people from this section seem to match that description ANSWER Possible Responses: Michelangelo—architect, sculptor, painter, and poet Leonardo—painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist Isabella d’Este—political leader and patron of the arts continued. . .

1 HOME Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Section 1 Assessment 3. How did the Renaissance revolutionize European art and thought? THINK ABOUT • changes in ideas since medieval times • changes in artistic techniques • changes in artistic subjects ANSWER Possible Responses: • Renaissance scholars rejected some teachings of medieval Christianity and looked to classical writers for inspiration. • Renaissance artists revolutionized art by using perspective and a more realistic style and by glorifying the individual. End of Section 1

2 HOME The Northern Renaissance Key Idea In the 1400 s, Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe, where German and Flemish masters create distinctive works of art. The books of northern Renaissance writers and philosophers become widely available because of the invention of the printing press. Overview Assessment

2 HOME The Northern Renaissance TERMS & NAMES Overview • Utopia • printing press MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW In the 1400 s, northern Europeans began to adapt the ideas of the Renaissance ideas such as the importance of the individual are a strong part of modern thought. Assessment • Gutenberg Bible

2 HOME The Northern Renaissance Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List important events in the Northern Renaissance. 1400 1455: Gutenberg prints Bible on printing press. 1494: Dürer studies in Italy. 1509: Erasmus writes The Praise of Folly. 1592: Shakespeare writes plays in London. 1600 1516: More writes Utopia. continued. . .

2 HOME The Northern Renaissance Section 2 Assessment 2. Choose one Northern Renaissance figure. Explain how he or she was influenced by Renaissance ideas. THINK ABOUT • the influence of humanism • the use of new techniques • the concept of the Renaissance man or woman ANSWER continued. . .

2 HOME The Northern Renaissance Section Possible Responses: 2 Assessment • Dürer was influenced by realism and classical ideas. • Van Eyck was influenced by realism and helped develop the oil painting. • Bruegel was interested in realistic details and peasant life. • Erasmus and More combined humanist and Christian values in their calls for reform. • Shakespeare was influenced by the classics and wrote in the vernacular. • Queen Elizabeth was a monarch, a poet, a patron of the arts, and a linguist. End of Section 2

3 HOME Luther Starts the Reformation Key Idea Martin Luther, a German monk, challenges the authority of the Catholic Church and triggers the Reformation—a movement for religious reform. The Reformation spreads to England when King Henry VIII breaks ties with the Catholic Church. Overview Assessment

3 HOME Luther Starts the Reformation TERMS & NAMES Overview • indulgence • Reformation MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW • Lutheran Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church led to the founding of Protestant churches. Nearly one-fourth of the Christians in today’s world are Protestants. • Protestant • Peace of Augsburg • annul • Anglican Assessment

3 HOME Luther Starts the Reformation Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main cause and several effects of Luther’s action in posting the 95 Theses. Luther protests. Pope excommunicates Luther. Tetzel sells indulgences under false pretenses. Luther posts the 95 Theses. Luther declared a heretic. Lutheran church begins. German peasants revolt. Charles V goes to war against Protestant princes of Germany. continued. . .

3 HOME Luther Starts the Reformation Section 3 Assessment 2. Who do you think had a better reason to break with the Church, Luther or Henry VIII? THINK ABOUT • why Luther criticized the Church • what Henry asked the pope to do for him • the Church’s response to Luther • the pope’s response to Henry ANSWER Possible Responses: Luther’s reasons—legitimate complaints about indulgences and other Church problems; excommunication Henry’s reasons—his annulments denied; pope’s political maneuvers continued. . .

3 HOME Luther Starts the Reformation Section 3 Assessment 3. Which of Luther’s ideas do you think might have motivated the peasants to revolt in 1524? Explain. THINK ABOUT • Luther’s criticisms of the Church • what change the peasants demanded • the actions the peasants took ANSWER Possible Response: The equality of all Christians spurred peasants to demand an end to serfdom. Peasants disrespected Church authority by raiding the monasteries. End of Section 3

4 GRAPH HOME The Reformation Continues MAP Key Idea John Calvin develops a system of Protestant theology that gains popularity among other European reformers. To stem the spread of Protestantism, the Catholic Church initiates its own reforms. Overview Assessment

4 GRAPH HOME The Reformation Continues MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • predestination • Calvinism MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW • theocracy John Calvin and other Reformation leaders began new Protestant churches. The Catholic Church also made reforms. Many Protestant churches began during this period, and many Catholic schools are the result of Catholic reforms. • Presbyterian • Anabaptist • Catholic Reformation • Jesuits • Council of Trent Assessment

4 GRAPH HOME The Reformation Continues MAP Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare the ideas of reformers who came after Luther. Reformers Ideas John Calvin • People are sinful by nature. • Ideal government is a theocracy. Anabaptists • Only adults baptized • Church and state separate. Catholic Reformers • Church interpretation of Bible is final. • Need faith and good works to be saved continued. . .

4 GRAPH HOME The Reformation Continues MAP Section 4 Assessment 2. Which of the steps taken by Popes Paul III and Paul IV to reform the Catholic Church do you think were wise? Which were unwise? Explain. THINK ABOUT • the goals of the reforming popes • whether the steps clearly addressed those goals • possible effects of each step ANSWER Possible Responses: Wise—Calling the council of cardinals and the Council of Trent helped clarify the Catholic position on controversial issues; approving the Jesuits helped combat Protestantism and spread Catholicism. Unwise—Using the Inquisition may have made martyrs out of Protestants; creating the Index of Forbidden Books blocked the spread of new ideas. End of Section 4