Ch 17 European Renaissance and Reformation 1300 1600

Ch 17 European Renaissance and Reformation 1300 -1600

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Sec 1

Middle Ages • During the late Middle Ages, Europe suffered from both war and plague • Those who survived started to question institutions of the Middle Ages such as the Church

Renaissance • Renaissance- term that means rebirth and refers to a period from 1300 -1600 in Europe that in characterized by an explosion of creativity in art and learning • The people of Italy hoped to bring back the life and culture of Greece and Rome but created something new

Italy’s Advantages • The Renaissance began in Northern Italy and gradually spread to the rest of Europe • Italy had four advantages that made it the birthplace of the Renaissance: – thriving cities – a wealthy merchant class – the classical heritage of Greece and Rome – location in the Mediterranean

City States • Overseas trade, spurred by the Crusades, had led to the growth of large city-states in northern Italy • Northern Italy was urban while most of the rest of Europe remained rural

Merchants and the Medici • Unlike nobles, merchants did not inherit social rank • Success for merchants was based on individual merit, an important idea during the Renaissance • The Medici family was one of the most powerful merchant families in all of Europe

Looking to Greece and Rome • Greek and Roman culture was revived through the study of the ruins of Rome and manuscripts that were preserved in monasteries • Christian scholars from fleeing the rule of the Muslim Turks in Constantinople brought Greek and Roman manuscripts with them

Location • Italy’s location in the Mediterranean Sea led to contact with many other cultures such as the Hanseatic League, an alliance of trading cities in Northern Europe • Renaissance ideas spread quickly through trade routes

Humanism • Humanism- intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements • As opposed to people of the Middle Ages, humanists are more concerned with the here and now than the afterlife • The basic spirit of the Renaissance was secular- worldly rather than spiritual

Renaissance Man • The ideal individual during the Renaissance strove to master almost every area of study • A Renaissance Man should be able to dance, sing, play music, write poetry, be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman

Renaissance Women • Women during the Renaissance were better educated than women of the Middle Ages but still had little influence

Art • Following the new emphasis on individuals, artists began to paint prominent citizens in a more realistic way

Leonardo da Vinci • Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist • His work is a huge influence art and science, and includes the Mona Lisa, and The Last Supper

http: //entertainment. howstuffwor ks. com/arts/artwork/last-suppertheory. htm • Sistine Chapel • THE REAL SECRET OF LEONARDO You. Tube

Michelangelo • Michelangelo was another Renaissance man known for his art, poetry, and sculptures such as the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the statue of David

Raphael

Literature • Authors such as Dante, Petrarch, and Boccacco wrote for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects

Machiavelli • Machiavelli- influential Renaissance author of The Prince. • The Prince was a political guidebook advising rulers how to keep their power • Is it better to be feared or loved? • A wise ruler does whatever is necessary to stay in power. • “the end justifies the means”

The Northern Renaissance Sec 2

Northern Renaissance • After the plague and the Hundred Years War ended populations began to grow in northern cities • As wealth increased through trade in northern cities patronage of the arts increased

Northern Writers • When the Italian humanist ideas reached the north, people used them to examine the traditional teachings of the Church • Christian humanists focused on how to improve society and inspire people to live a Christian life

Thomas More • In 1516, Thomas More wrote a book called Utopia • The book is about an imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out.

Shakespeare • The Renaissance spread to England in the mid-1500 s. • This time period became known as the Elizabethan Age • The most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age was William Shakespeare

The Printing Press • The Chinese invented block printing and movable print around the year 1000, but it was impractical because the Chinese language contained thousands of characters • Around 1440, Johann Gutenberg, a craftsman from Germany developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way

Effects of the Printing Press • Gutenberg’s printing press made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply • Using the new process Gutenberg printed a complete Bible in 1455 • For the first time books were cheap enough so that many people could buy them • The printing press took power away from the Church by putting the Bible in the hands of common people

Legacy of the Renaissance • The European Renaissance was a period of great artistic and social change • It marked a break with medieval period ideals focused around the Church. • The belief in the dignity of the individual played a key role in the gradual rise of democratic ideas • The printing press may be the most important invention in history

Changes in the Arts • Art drew on the style of classical Greece and Rome • Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic ways • Art was secular as well as religious • Writers began to use vernacular language • The arts praised individual achievement

Changes in Society • Printing made information available and inexpensive enough for society at large • Greater availability of books prompted an increased desire for learning and a rise in literacy • Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts led to discoveries in a variety of fields

More Changes • Published legal proceedings made the laws clear so that people were more likely to understand their rights • Christian humanists changed the views about how life should be lived • People began to question political structures and religious practices.

Luther Leads the Reformation Sec 3

Weakening Church • The Roman Catholic Church dominated life in the Middle Ages but it began to draw more and more criticism after the Crusades and plague

Reformation • Reformation- movement for religious reform that led to the split of the Roman Catholic Church and the creation of Protestantism

Social Causes • The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church • The printing press put the Bible in the hands of regular people and helped to spread ideas critical of the Church

Political Causes • Powerful monarchs challenged the church as the supreme power in Europe • Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority

Economic Causes • European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth • Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church

Religious Causes • Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt • Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable

Luther Challenges the Church • Martin Luther- monk and teacher from the German state of Saxony who led the Protestant Reformation • In 1517, Luther took a public stand against a friar name Johann Tetzel • In order to raise money to rebuild St Peter’s Cathedral in Rome, Tetzel began to sell indulgences, pardons that released sinners from having to perform penalties

95 Theses • 95 Theses- formal statements attacking Church practices and the sale of indulgences • Luther posted the 95 Theses on the door of a Church in Wittenberg and invited scholars to debate him • His statement was copied and taken to a printer and Luther was soon known throughout Germany • The posting of the 95 Theses began the Reformation

Luther’s Teachings • People could win salvation only by faith in God’s forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and good works were necessary. • All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. The pope and Church traditions were false authorities. • All people with faith were equal. People do not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.

Response to Luther • In 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther • Edict of Worms was issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declaring Luther and outlaw and a heretic • Luther and his followers became a separate religious group called the Lutherans • Peasants in Germany revolted • The term Protestant came to be applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches

Henry VIII • When Henry VIII became king of England in 1509 he was a devout Catholic • Henry needed to have a son to be heir to his throne • Convinced that his 42 year old wife Catherine would have no more children Henry asked the pope for an annulment.

England Becomes Protestant • After the Pope refused the annulment Henry called the Parliament and asked it to end the pope’s power in England • Henry got his divorce and married Anne Boleyn • After Henry’s death his daughter, Elizabeth I set up the Church of England or Anglican Church

The Reformation Continues Sec 4

John Calvin • In 1535, John Calvin, published Institutes of the Christian Religion to express his ideas about God, salvation, and human nature • Calvin wrote that men and women are sinful by nature and that God chooses very few people to be saved. • Predestination- belief that God has known from the beginning of time who will be saved

Calvinism • Calvinism- religion based on the ideas of John Calvin • Calvin believed that the ideal government was a theocracy, government controlled by religious leaders • Followers of Calvinism were extremely strict.

Catholic Reformation • Catholic Reformation- reform movement by the Catholic church in order to keep followers loyal, also known as the Counter Reformation • The goals of the Catholic Reformation were to found schools in Europe, convert non. Christians, and stop the spread of Protestantism

Legacy of the Reformation • Protestant churches flourished and new denominations developed • The Roman Catholic Church unified due to its own reforms • Both placed a new emphasis on education • Monarchs and states gained power as church power declined • The questioning of beliefs and authority led to the Enlightenment