European Renaissance and Reformation 1300 1600 TWO MOVEMENTS

European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300 -1600 TWO MOVEMENTS, THE RENAISSANCE AND THE REFORMATION, USHER IN DRAMATIC SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGES IN EUROPE

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

During the late Middle Ages Europe suffered from war and the plague People began to question the Church People wanted to celebrate life and the human spirit

The Renaissance (rebirth)-an explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought. 1300 -1600 Why Italy? 1. Thriving cities 2. A wealthy Merchant Class 3. Classical heritage of Greece and Rome

1. City-States Crusades spur trade Growth of large city-states in northern Italy Cities=places where people exchange ideas In 1300 s bubonic plague killed 60% of population, disrupts economy With few opportunities to expand business, merchants began to pursue other interests, such as art

How did the cities of Italy help create the Renaissance? City life included wealth, leisure time, and exchange of ideas

2. A Wealthy Merchant Class Merchants More emphasis on individual achievement Dominated politics Banking family, the Medici family, controls Florence Cosimo de Medici 1434 Wealthiest European at time and dictator of Florence Lorenzo de Medici 1464 (Cosimo’s grandson) Also dictator of Florence Patron of the arts

3. Inspiration from Greece and Rome Middle Ages art and architecture Artists, scholars study Greeks and Romans (monasteries kept documents intact) Christian scholars move to Rome after fall of Constantinople in 1453 and brought Greek manuscripts with them

Classical and Worldly Values Study of classics lead to Humanism Intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievements Humanists studied classical texts to understand Greek values in subjects such as 1. 2. 3. History Literature Philosophy

How did study of the classics influence branches of learning such as history, literature, and philosophy? Study of classical texts led to a different outlook on life, one emphasizing human potential and achievements.

The Good Stuff Renaissance society was secular—worldly Even church leaders Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, clothes, music Humanists suggested that one can enjoy life without offending God

Patrons Patron-a financial supporter of artists Church leaders spend money on artworks to beautify cities Wealthy merchants also patrons of the arts

The Renaissance Man Excels in many fields: the classics, art, politics, combat Baldassre Castiglione’s The Courtier (1528) (Should be charming, witty, well educated in the classics; should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry; should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman) The book teaches how to become a “universal” person

The Renaissance Woman Upper-class, educated in classics, charming Expected to inspire art but not create it Example: Isabella d’Este Born in ruling class in Ferrara, Italy Spoke Greek, Latin Musician, dancer, patron of arts Home turned into art museum Involved in politics

Revolution in Artists use realistic style copied from classical art Portraits of Individuals Painters use perspective-a way to show three dimensions on a canvas

Realistic Painting and Sculpture Realistic portraits of prominent citizens Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions The Biblical David is a favorite subject among sculptors

Donatello’s (1386 -1466) David

East Door of the Baptistery in Florence Created by Lorenzo Ghiberti’s Michelangelo called it the “Gate of Paradise” Ghiberti worked on it for 27 years from 1425 -1452 10 panels in bronze showing stories from the Old Testament

East Door of the Baptistery in Florence

Leonardo Da Vinci 1452 -1519 Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist Read his writings by looking at them in a mirror

Mona Lisa in the Louvre in Paris It is thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, who at 16 married Francesco del Giocondo, a wealthy merchant of Florence who commissioned the portrait. Notice the smile, the shadows, and the hands Why is it famous? ?

Leonardo

Leonardo--sketches

The Last Supper (Milan)

Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475 -1564 Renaissance man also Painter, sculptor, architect, and poet

Statue of David in Florence, Italy Sculpted from 1501 -1504 18 feet tall

Michelangelo’s Pieta

Michelangelo’s Moses

Michelangelo’s Dome of St. Peter’s in Rome

The Sistine Chapel

The Sistine Chapel in Rome

Michelangelo’s Last Judgment in Sistine Chapel

Raphael 1483 - 1520 Younger than Leonardo and Michelangelo Learned by studying their works Self portrait at right

Raphael One of Raphael’s favorite subjects was the Madonna and child.

Sandro Botticelli Self portrait and The Birth of Venus

Anguuissola and Gentileschi Sofonisba Anguissola: first woman artist to gain world renown (self portrait at right) Artemisia Gentileschi paints strong, heroic women (self portrait below)

How did the humanism of the renaissance reflected in its art? Renaissance celebrates the human body and individual achievement.

Changes in Literature New Trends in Writing Writers use vernacular Self-expression or to portray individuality of their subjects

Why was it important that writers began writing in the vernacular? More accessible to everyday people; possible to read literature without learning to speak Latin

Petrarch Father of Humanism Wrote in Italian and Latin Sonnets (14 line poems) became a model for lyrical poetry Typically about a woman named Laura One of the first people to use the term “Dark Ages”

Boccaccio Decameron The stories are told by a group of young people waiting in a villa in Florence to avoid the plague

Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince – political guidebook Examines how rulers can gain and keep power To succeed a prince must be strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox. The word Machiavellian describes any crafty or deceitful action used for one’s own advantage.

Why do you think Machiavelli’s writings remain popular? People still interested in getting and keeping power.

Vittoria Colonna Woman writer with great influence Poems express personal emotions She exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo and helped Castiglione publish The Courtier.

Italian Renaissance Activities Renaissance Man: Review the article about Leonardo Da Vinci being a “Renaissance Man”. On a large sheet of paper, illustrate and include quotes and activities from the article that made someone a “Renaissance Man” OR Create your own “Modern Renaissance Man” and include 10 -15 qualities that make them that. Or Create a resume for a “Renaissance Man” or one of the people we have discussed in Ch. 17 -1. Suggestions to a leader Read the primary source reading of “The Prince” Then write a “Top 15” list of qualities a good/successful leader needs to have. Also include your “Top 15” suggestions on how a leader should obtain/keep power as a leader.

How did humanism influence Renaissance ideas? Focused on people and their achievements, so art and thought became more concerned with the here and now Why did church leaders and wealthy merchants support the arts? Showed their importance by having portraits painted and decorating churches and other public places What were the differences and similarities between upperclass Renaissance men and women? Both were expected to know the classics, but most women lacked political power

What were the differences between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in the attitude toward pleasures? In the Middle Ages, some people believed that denial of worldly pleasures would please God. During the Renaissance, many believed that god intended them to enjoy those things.

True or False 1. During the Renaissance, patrons of the arts were people who frequented many of art festivals. False 2. The technique of perspective was used by Renaissance painters to show three dimensions on a flat surface True 3. The Renaissance, a movement that started in Germany and lasted 300 years, brought about a growth of creativity in art, writing, and thought. False

4. The general emphasis of the Renaissance movement was religious. False 5. The Prince, by Machiavelli, stated that people are selfish and corrupt, and that a prince should be feared more than loved. True 6. Some Renaissance writers wrote in the vernacular, or in the author’s native language. True 7. An intellectual movement called humanism focused on scientific information about the human body. False 8. “Renaissance men” were men who mastered many fields of endeavor. True