Unit 5 Getafive Review Why 1750 Industrial Revolution

Unit 5 Getafive Review

• Why 1750? – Industrial Revolution – European Imperialism – Revolutions – based on Enlightenment principles • Why 1900? – Cut off before World War I – (Used to be 1914 (WWI))

• Big Picture snapshots of this time period –Top events of this time period are Industrial Revolution, Imperialism and Revolutions • Remember I, I and R –Must know specifics includes: • Opium War, Meiji Restoration, Simon Bolivar, Haitian Revolution and the Scramble for Africa –All examples of imperialism –The West dominates this time period

• Industrial Revolution – Causes, political, economic and social effects – First is England > Western Europe > America > Russia (kinda) > Japan (Meiji) – 2 Industrial Revolutions • 1 st- Coal, iron and steam • 2 nd- Electricity, steel, oil and chemicals • Imperialism – Scramble for Africa – British in India

• Chinese and Japanese reactions differ as a result of European imperialism – China falls to Europeans – Japan has state-sponsored industrialization, becomes a major world trader • Enlightenment thought leads to Revolution/End of slave trade – American, French, Haitian and Latin America • Economic theories develop – Capitalism (Adam Smith) vs. Communism (Karl Marx)

• Major Changes – Spain and Portugal lose their empires while the Ottoman Empire becomes the “sick man of Europe” – Technologies develop in the fields of communication (telegraph), transportation (railroads) – Serf/Slave systems come to an end (Russia and America in the 1860’s) – Revolutions and independence movements (Haiti) – Major migrations to North and South America • Work, gold rushes, famine in home country • Major Comparisons – State sponsored industrialization of Japan, Russia and Egypt – Reactions of China and Japan to European imperialism – Qing and Ottomans resist change • Continuities – Majority of the world still rural – The strong control the weak • Economic Imperialism – Mercantilism, colonization, coerced labor

• Industrial Revolution, Part 1 – Video 2 • • Greatest change in world history since the Neolithic Revolution • Effects felt in the following areas: – Family life – factories (dad at work, not on the farm) – Communication – Transportation – Trains, steam ships – Technology, environment, growth of cities, populations – Social classes – proletariat/bourgeoisie – Science, art. • Leads to: – Imperialism, war, migration, political philosophies (capitalism/communism)

• Industrial Revolution in Great Britain – Why was Great Britain the first? • Natural resources (coal) • Stable government (that stays out of economy) • Government involvement in the economy can halt experimental attitude • Leads to entrepreneurial competition • Growing population • New foods, crop rotation, chemical fertilizers leads to big population growth • Compare to when China got champa rice from Vietnam

• • • Geography Metals, coal, rivers for steam power Cities grow – everyone in one place, diffusion of ideas Enclosure Acts – peasants moved off of formerly public land (fencing in) First time Great Britain has power in history By 1900, 90% of most populated cities in Europe/US James Watt and his steam engine Textile industry first Spinning Jenny (makes thread) Cotton Gin (deseeds cotton) India becomes a place for cotton to be harvested and a market to sell cotton for England Transportation impacted (steamboat, locomotive)

• 1 st Industrial Revolution was steam, coal and iron (1750 CE) • Interchangeable parts – Leads to mass production – Makes it easier • Transportation – Steamships • Allow for Europeans to go up the rivers into central Africa – Steam Locomotive – Transcontinental railroads in US and Russia • Moves from coal and steam to oil in Second IR

• 2 nd Industrial Revolution was oil, electricity, chemicals and steel (1850 CE) • Spread of Industrial Revolution from Great Britain to western Europe, America, Russia and Japan – US and Russia both build transcontinental railroads – US most powerful industrial nation at the end of this time period • Copied British industrialization • Government becomes pro-industry • Industrial North beats Agricultural South in Civil War

• • Industrial Revolution, Part 2 – Video 3 State sponsored Industrialization Japan: Meiji Restoration – Embarrassed by US, Perry – Silk factories – Women workers • Egypt: Muhammed Ali – European advisors – Cotton industry • Russia: Sergei Witte and the transcontinental railroad – Slower industrialization – Shown in Russo-Japanese War (Japan wins, shocks world)

• Other regions in the world become suppliers of goods and raw materials for the industrialized – Latin America (sugar, coffee, bananas, meat) • Argentina has a lot of beef • Guano (bat poop) fertilizer from Peru – Africa (palm oil, rubber, diamonds) • Palm oil – lubricant for machines – China – silk, porcelain, tea • Leads to imbalance of trade (all British silver going to China)

• Result of Industrial Revolution • Financial (stock market, gold standard) – International standardized prices of gold • Transnational businesses (United Fruit company) – US owns land in Central America – sells fruit back to us (BANANA REPUBLIC_ • Social Effects (gap between rich and poor dramatically increases, family life altered, child labor, less kids than rural areas, cities become crowded and unsanitary) – Women as homemakers and factory workers – Bad conditions in Japanese silk factories for women – New Social Classes – Industrial working class (conflict between workers and owners (Marxism)) – Social status more determined by wealth than by family background • Unions, reforms, and mandatory schooling is initiated – Higher wages – Leisure time (theater, sports) – Weekends

• Philosophies • Adam Smith and Capitalism (Wealth of Nations 1776) – Government stays out of economy – Lassiez faire – hands off • Karl Marx and Communism (Communist Manifesto 1848) – Workers will react and overthrow the bourgeoisie – Classless, stateless society – Government, and everything else is a way for the rich to keep the poor down – Luddites – protested industry, smashed equipment, hanged by government • Feminism (Wollstonecraft, Stanton and Seneca Falls Convention) – Wollstonecraft – equal education is key to equal rights – De Gouges – French Revolution left out women – Seneca Falls – US convention for equal rights, suffrage • Social Reforms – Universal compulsory education • Environment – Pollution

• Transportation and communication developments – Steamships and railroads – Telegraph to telephone – Canals (Suez) • Connects Africa to Asia • Easier for Europe to get to Asia and East Africa – Panama (1910 ish) • Advances in medicine like smallpox vaccines and sterilization made for longer life expectancy in industrialized world – Lower infant mortality rate

• Nationalism becomes a strong force • Pride in your country (not a leader) • Started by Napoleon (pride of being French) – Caused the people he conquered to become nationalist against him • Napoleon, unification of Italy and Germany all contributed to intense pride – Nationalism is a big impact on unification

• Germany’s nationalism is going to lead to WWI • France’s imperialism is going to lead to WWI • US Manifest Destiny – nationalism saying that US should be coast to coast • Austrian, Russian and Ottoman empires all very culturally diverse – Ottoman Empire loses some areas due to nationalism – Greece, parts of Russia – Keeps shrinking • Egypt – – Muhammad Ali – father of Modern Egypt Suez Canal Modeled after Britain and France try to control Suez Canal, eventually nationalism makes Egypt take it back

• Imperialism, Part 1 – Video 4 • • British empire largest empire of all time – “The sun never sets on the British empire” • Causes of imperialism • Search for raw materials and markets from the Industrial Revolution – India, England is example – Palm oil from Africa for machines – Rubber from Africa for tires • Nationalism and competition • Social Darwinism – Survival of the Fittest applied to races – some races are better than others and will industrialize – White Man’s Burden – poem saying it is the burden of the Europeans to civilize the barbarians – Superior attitude of European race

• • Imperialism in India the crown jewel of British empire Pattern of centralization followed by decentralization Turn over from Mughals to British – After Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War – British East India Company takes over trading in India • Need for pepper, spices leads British there • Sepoy Rebellion (1857) a reaction to British imperialism in India – rumor of pig/cow fat – Leads to the takeover of British government into India – Indians failed because Hindus/Muslims couldn’t get a long • British occupied the highest position in Indian society • Brought railway and telegraph lines to India – good for India, but put in place to maintain power • English official language (today, India has the 2 nd most English speakers in the world) • Eventually an educated class of Indians start the Indian National Congress (1885) to rid India of British control – Western learning becomes a constant for independence movements – Haiti, India, Africa, Mexico, South America

• Imperialism in China • China was amassing silver in exchange for their goods of silk, porcelain and especially tea – Didn’t want non-Chinese stuff • Qing Dynasty controls trade (only opens one port) • Britain tried to reverse this imbalance of trade by selling opium to China which caused the Opium war – Used steamships to enter China through India – Indians grew the Opium under British rule – Emperor writes letter to Queen Victoria to stop opium imports – Opium war was lost by China which resulted in unequal treaties and China being divided into spheres of influence by Europeans (places where they could trade)

• More China – Example of economic imperialism – Took control of Hong Kong (keeps it until 1997) – Vietnam lost to French (French Indochina) • Spread of Christianity • Western tech massacres China (gunships through canals) • Major repercussion of them not industrializing

• Chinese Reaction to Imperialism • White Lotus Rebellion (Buddhist rebellion over taxes) • Taiping rebellion – Almost took down Qing Dynasty – Most deaths in a war to-date (20 Million) • Self-Strengthening Movement – try to reform, modernize, industrialize, education – Too little too late (like Tanzimat Reforms) • Boxer Rebellion – Killing outsiders, Japanese, Europeans – Rad boxers who could punch bullets out of the sky – Took 5 countries to stop them

• Eventually foreign intervention will bring about the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911 – Foot binding banned – Civil service exam banished – Corruption – Tax evasion – Will lead to the republic taking over and ending 4000 years of dynastic rule

• Revolutions – Video 5 • • Enlightenment thought led to revolutions and the eventual elimination of slavery – Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke and Montesquieu – Natural Rights (life, liberty and property) – job of the government is to protect these rights – American Revolution (elites still in power) – inspired other revolutions • Revolutions are in the name of the poor, but the elites keep power

• French Revolution – Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen similar to Declaration Independence – Both did not give women rights – King Louis XVI is executed – Much bloodier revolution than American – Reign of Terror – Robespierre killing dissentors (1000 s dead) – Led to rise of Napoleon – leads to French nationalism and nationalism of enemies – Latin American countries used Napoleon’s drama in Europe as a time to start revolutions – Napoleonic code

• Haitian Revolution – Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture – overthrew the French – Inspired by enlightenment thinkers (L’Ouveture read owner’s books) – Only successful slave revolt in the history of the world – First revolution in Latin America – 1804: a free republic with a constitution was established – French loss in Haiti led to the sale of Louisiana Purchase

• Latin American Independence (Spain and Portugal lose their empires) • Napoleon causing trouble in Spain and Portugal, leads to revolutions in colonies • Social pyramid consisted of peninsulares at the top, then creoles, mestizos, mulattoes, indigenous and finally slaves • Latin American Revolutions replaced the peninsulares with the creoles • Elites remain in power • Women gain no rights

• Simon Bolivar (The Liberator) – Educated on enlightened ideas – Used military to free Gran Columbia (Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela) from Spanish rule – Saw himself as the George Washington of South America – Jamaica Letter – justifies independence from Spanish (like Declaration of Independence) • Jose San Martin (Creole liberator of southern South America) – Followed Bolivar’s example

• Pedro II – King fled from Portugal to Brazil – Son, declared Brazilian independence from Portugal – Makes Brazil more stable than other Latin countries, gets a Republic • Mexican independence from Spanish in 1821 – Father Hidalgo – El Grito de Delores – Landowning elites follow him to get Spanish out • All Latin Independence movements are more about independence than freedom – Elites keep power, poor still poor – Economies remain dependent on Europe – Export economies

• • Migrations – Video 6 Reasons for migrations: high population regions (China, India, Japan) to less populated regions • Work is offered in less population areas • Revolutions, persecutions, famine (Irish potato), need for agricultural workers after elimination of slavery (Sugar plantations in Caribbean), gold rushes (Australia and Alaska) • Seasonal workers – Italians in Argentina, Japanese in Pacific • Jews are persecuted • Travel is much easier (steam ships) • Slavery ending leads to need for low-paid workers • Gold rushes in Russia, California

• Italians in Argentina and Japanese in the Pacific • Effects of migrations: – America as a melting pot, Chinese culture in Southeast Asia, North and South America, Italian culture in Argentina – Chinese Exclusion Act in America and White Australian Act of 1901 • Spain and Portugal lose their empires – Britain and France become the biggest empires in Indian Ocean • Ottoman Empire is “the sick man of Europe” – Reforms: • Tanzimat reforms (movement towards constitutional government, banks, railroad) ended in 1876 • Too little too late • Young Turks (western educated, sought nationalistic reform) • Overthrow Ottoman Empire during WWI

• Qing dynasty resists change and falls (1911) – Stays agricultural – Corruption – High taxes on poor, low on rich • Aggressive West Passive Rest! – Japan is the exception • Change: – Industrial Revolution, technologies, revolutions, end of serfdom in Russia and slavery in America • Continuity – Africa and its resources are controlled, the West is aggressive, majority of the world is still rural, elites remain in power • Comparisons: – Chinese and Japanese differing responses to European imperialism – State sponsored industrialization in Japan, Egypt and Russia – Russia and US comparisons (slavery, transcontinental railroad)