Unit 6 Consequences of Industrialization 1750 1900 Rationales

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750 -1900)

Rationales for Imperialism

Rationales for Imperialism • Late 19 th – 20 th c. • Def: Domination of European powers – later USA & Japan – over subject lands in the larger world. This was the 1 st wave of imperialism (1450 -1750). PRE-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

Rationales for Imperialism Rationales: Rudyard Kipling • Economic – need for raw materials & markets to sell manufactured items • Political – diffuse tensions at home (socialist challenge to the I. R. ) • Social – Civilizing missions • Religious – convert indigenous populations

Rationales for Imperialism Social Darwinism – racial and ethnic differences were the result of biology; white race was the most evolved (based on faulty science).

Rationales for Imperialism Technologies of Imperialism • Quinine: used to treat malaria • Steamships: project power farther inland • Suez Canal: 1859 -1869 (FR/BR) • Panama Canal: 1904 -1914 (USA) • Railroads: consolidated empires Telegraph: exchange messages

Rationales for Imperialism Opening of the Suez Canal and the modern Suez Canal Resource Exported From: Why? Cotton Egypt Textiles Rubber Amazon & Congo basin Tires, shoes, hoses, etc. Palm oil SS Africa Lubricate industrial machines Guano Peru & Chile Fertilizer Meat Uruguay & Argentina Food Diamonds Africa Luxury

The British Empire State Expansion (1750 -1900)

State Expansion – British (India) • By 1700, Mughal power weakened. • British East India Company was making huge profits from opium, cotton, tea, and coffee exports. • Indian troops called sepoys enforced company rule.

State Expansion – British (India) SEPOY REBELLION (1857) • CAUSE: Cultural conflict; friction between sepoys and British • CONFLICT: Bullets for rifles were in cartridges protected by paper waxed with animal fat; had to tear it with teeth. Those who refused to use cartridges were convicted of mutiny. • EFFECT: Turned into a war for independence; British victory by 1858; direct imperial control was imposed on India.

Indian currency with Queen Victoria on it State Expansion – British (India) Global economic trends! • India produced raw materials/food (export economy) • India was forced to purchase British finished goods (Indian textile industry destroyed).

State Expansion – British (India) Impact of British Rule? • British emphasis on cash-crop farming (cotton) led to food shortages & famine • Class system with British at the top • Railroads, sewer systems built (reduced cholera deaths) • Rise of nationalism Ram Mohan Roy called for social reforms in colonial India

State Expansion – British (China) • Indian-grown opium was being sold to China, addicting millions. • British sold it for silver which was used to buy Chinese products (tea).

State Expansion – British (China) The Treaty of Nanjing (right) ended the Opium Wars (left) • Efforts to stop the trade ignited war. • Opium War (1839 -42) = Chinese defeat. • Result: Unequal treaties (Treaty of Nanjing) which curtailed Chinese sovereignty • France, Germany, USA, Japan all signed unequal treaties • By 1900, 90 ports were controlled by foreign powers

State Expansion – British (China) • Taiping Rebellion: led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing; 20 -30 million deaths. • Self-Strengthening Movement: China's program of internal reform 1860 s-1870 s; based on the application of Confucian principles & limited borrowing from the West. • Boxer Rebellion: Anti-imperialist, anti-foreign rebellion; many were Christians; failed undermined Qing legitimacy. Qing collapsed in 1911

Remember the Meiji Restoration!

State Expansion – British (SE Asia) • Singapore – trade center in the Strait of Melaka • British conquered Malaysia 1870 s 1880 s (rubber export) British controlled sea lanes from S. China Sea to Indian Ocean

State Expansion – British (AUS/NZ) SETTLER COLONIES • First permanent British settlers were convicts sent into exile in 1788. • Gold rush in 1851 brought many free settlers. • Many Chinese arrived, too.

State Expansion – British (AUS/NZ) BRITISH AUSTRALIA • Aborigines suffered due to disease; others displaced to take land for hunting/herding BRITISH NEW ZEALAND • Maori suffered due to disease • Voluntary migration of British (whaling, timber) • Maori battled the British but were similarly displaced

State Expansion – British (L. America) • Imperialism was not just in Asia, the British constructed to port of Buenos Aires, Argentina. • INDUSTRIALIZED STATES HAD DISTINCT ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE!

“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

State Expansion – French (SE Asia) • French built Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos); also territory in West Africa • Siam (Thailand) remained independent as a buffer between British and French

State Expansion – Dutch (SE Asia) Shift from the Dutch East India Company (VOC) TO Dutch government control in Indonesia.

State Expansion USA • Trail of Tears: Forced migration of N. Americans from their homeland in GA into OK (under Andrew Jackson) In the name of Manifest Destiny

State Expansion - Africa

State Expansion - Africa Berlin Conference (1884 -1885) • “Effective occupation” of Africa (military conquest or signed agreement). • No African leaders invited, no regard for language, religious, tribal associations. • Public notice that Africa would be carved into colonies.

State Expansion - Africa Congo Free State Belgian Congo • King Leopold II organized it in 1878 as a private commercial company to exploit rubber resources. • Known for terrible working conditions, forced labor (4 -8 million dead). • Eventually taken over by the Belgian government.

State Expansion - Africa South Africa • Boers (Afrikaners): Dutch settlers in S. Africa • British sought to extend control in this area & conflict with Afrikaners ensured. British arrive in S. Africa 1820

State Expansion - Africa South Africa: THE BOER WARS • Afrikaners undertook the Great Trek eastward to move away from British rule. • Afrikaners overcame local resistance and set up Republic of Natal, Orange Free State, and the Transvaal (mid 1800 s). • British discovered diamonds & gold! WAR breaks out. • Concentration camps were used to racially separate prisoners • Result? Afrikaners lost by 1902 and the British consolidated the Union of S. Africa; white society came to dominate black Africans.

Human Toll of Imperialism

Human Toll of Imperialism

Human Toll of Imperialism

Imperialism Themes • Non-state to state colonial control (Congo, Indonesia) • European states expand in Africa (British, French) • Settler colonies (Australia & NZ) • Industrialized states practiced economic imperialism over non-industrialized states (China, Argentina) • Portugal and Spain lost ground (Indian Ocean, SE Asia) • USA, Japan gained ground

Migration MIGRATION TRENDS • Population increased globally (food/medicine post-IR) • New modes of transportation • Most migrants relocated to cities (urbanization) • USA received the majority of the migrants • Some freely relocated • Indentured servitude & convict labor continued

Migration IRISH TO USA • Push: Potato Famine (1845 -1850) • Pull: Economic opportunity • Anti-Catholic prejudice was strong (NYC, Chicago, San Fran. ) • Took low-wage jobs such as laying rail lines

Migration CHINESE TO USA • Push: Economic chaos in China • Pull: Economic opportunity, CA Gold Rush • Manual laborers (agricultural, Trans-Continental RR) • Anti-Chinese sentiment was strong, only group ever to be excluded

Migration Effects of Migration: 1. Creation of urban ethnic enclaves (Chinatown)

Angel Island Immigration Station Migratio n Effects of Migration: 2. Women took on new roles in the home society as most migrants were male.

Migration Effects of Migration: 3. Exclusionary Policies • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – Stopped Chinese immigration; prevented citizenship; lasted until 1940 s. • White Australia Policy (1901 -1973) – Immigration restricted to Europeans

Societies at Crossroads

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire • Slow decline since the 17 th c territory losses, janissary power increased, foreign manufactured goods flooded in • Tanzimat Reforms – 1830 -1870 educational, political, legal reforms intended to modernize the empire and stop decline. Secular schooling Equality before the law, Muslim or not

The Ottoman Empire • Young, educated citizens & religious conservatives hated the reforms (undermined Islamic foundations) • Abdul Hamid’s despotic rule generated liberal opposition groups • Young Turks – Seized power in a 1908 coup. • Wanted universal suffrage, religious freedom, emancipation for women • During their rule, sultans reigned but did not rule • Empire survived because European diplomats couldn’t agree on how to dispose the empire without upsetting the balance of power (“Eastern Question”). Young Turks Flyer – “Long live the fatherland…

The Russia n Empire • Alexander II abolished serfdom as a way to encourage industrialization. • Trans-Siberian Railway (steel, coal, petroleum attracted Europeans) • Nicholas II took power in 1894 • Bloody Sunday – protesters in 1905 stormed St. Petersburg demanding representative government • Duma was established • Romanov dynasty was in trouble!