Standard Trend Models Trend Curves Purposes of a

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Standard Trend Models

Standard Trend Models

Trend Curves • Purposes of a Trend Curve: 1. Forecasting the long run 2.

Trend Curves • Purposes of a Trend Curve: 1. Forecasting the long run 2. Estimating the growth rate

Standard Trend Curves • Key Properties: – have a simple form – have good

Standard Trend Curves • Key Properties: – have a simple form – have good track records – software for fitting is widely available

Types of Standard Trend Curves • For unbounded data: – linear – quadratic –

Types of Standard Trend Curves • For unbounded data: – linear – quadratic – exponential • For bounded (S shaped) data: – logistic – Gompertz

Unbounded Trend • Linear: Yt = b 0 + b 1 t + e

Unbounded Trend • Linear: Yt = b 0 + b 1 t + e • Quadratic: Yt = b 0 + b 1 t + b 2 t 2 + e • Log-linear: ln(Yt)= b 0 + b 1 t + e

Two Standard S Curves 1. Logistic Curve 2. Gompertz Curve

Two Standard S Curves 1. Logistic Curve 2. Gompertz Curve

S – Curves (Life Cycle Theory) 4 Stages of New Technology Life Cycle 1.

S – Curves (Life Cycle Theory) 4 Stages of New Technology Life Cycle 1. Slow growth at the beginning stage 2. Rapid growth 3. Slow growth during the mature stage 4. Decline during the final stage

S - Curves Point of Inflection Y second derivative = 0 Y(ln(a) /b) =

S - Curves Point of Inflection Y second derivative = 0 Y(ln(a) /b) = g/2 for L Y(ln(a) /b) = g /e for G Concave Up Concave down ln(a)/b Time

Model Selection Process 1. Timeplot Linear / Quadratic Exponential (linear in log) 2. Take

Model Selection Process 1. Timeplot Linear / Quadratic Exponential (linear in log) 2. Take a log? (standard regression) No Yes Logistic / 3. Bounded? No Yes Gompertz/ (nonlinear regression)

Nonlinear Least Squares • SPSS is one of the few statistics packages that provide

Nonlinear Least Squares • SPSS is one of the few statistics packages that provide routines for fitting nonlinear regression models. • You have to provide initial estimates for parameters.

Getting Initial Parameter Values - Logistic Curve Estimate g from data, and compute Regress

Getting Initial Parameter Values - Logistic Curve Estimate g from data, and compute Regress the variable on t.

Getting Initial Parameter Values - Gompertz Curve Estimate g from data, and compute Regress

Getting Initial Parameter Values - Gompertz Curve Estimate g from data, and compute Regress the variable on t.

Durbin-Watson Test

Durbin-Watson Test

White Noise Residuals • WN (white noise) – uncorrelated Ex. et ~ WN(0, s)

White Noise Residuals • WN (white noise) – uncorrelated Ex. et ~ WN(0, s) (weak WN) • iid – independent and identically distributed Ex. et ~ iid N(0, s) (strong WN)

Spurious Trend Downward Bias: Positive Auto. Correlated Residual SE of Coefficient SER

Spurious Trend Downward Bias: Positive Auto. Correlated Residual SE of Coefficient SER

Trend Model With Correlated Residual

Trend Model With Correlated Residual

Durbin Watson Statistic

Durbin Watson Statistic

Some Key Values of DW Stat • E(DW) = 2 if H 0 •

Some Key Values of DW Stat • E(DW) = 2 if H 0 • Table available for DW if H 0

DW Test • The Null and Alternative Hypotheses – H 0 : r =

DW Test • The Null and Alternative Hypotheses – H 0 : r = 0 – H 1 : r > 0 -> positive autocorrelated residual

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Solubility Curves Solubility curves Solubility curves can beSolubility Curves Solubility curves Solubility curves can be
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METODE ANALISIS TREND Trend Non Linier TREND KUADRATIKMETODE ANALISIS TREND Trend Non Linier TREND KUADRATIK
TREND ANALZ Dr Hakan ADANACIOLU TREND KAVRAMI TrendTREND ANALZ Dr Hakan ADANACIOLU TREND KAVRAMI Trend
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Standard I Standard VIIIE Standard III Standard VStandard I Standard VIIIE Standard III Standard V
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RegressionBased Trend Models Example 14 1 Regressionbased trendRegressionBased Trend Models Example 14 1 Regressionbased trend
MODELS AND TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN MODELS MODELS Models helpMODELS AND TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN MODELS MODELS Models help
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Density Curves and Normal Distributions Density Curves SoDensity Curves and Normal Distributions Density Curves So
Smooth Curves Dr Scott Schaefer 1 Smooth CurvesSmooth Curves Dr Scott Schaefer 1 Smooth Curves
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