SurveyingII SURVEYINGII SurveyingII CURVES SurveyingII CURVES Curves are
![Surveying-II SURVEYING-II Surveying-II SURVEYING-II](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-1.jpg)
![Surveying-II CURVES Surveying-II CURVES](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-2.jpg)
![Surveying-II CURVES Curves are provided between intersecting straights to negotiate a change in a Surveying-II CURVES Curves are provided between intersecting straights to negotiate a change in a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-3.jpg)
![Surveying-II FUNCTION OF CURVES To avoid sudden change in the line of communication e. Surveying-II FUNCTION OF CURVES To avoid sudden change in the line of communication e.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-4.jpg)
![Surveying-II FUNCTION OF CURVES Lines connected by the curves are tangential to it and Surveying-II FUNCTION OF CURVES Lines connected by the curves are tangential to it and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-5.jpg)
![Surveying-II TYPES OF CIRCULAR CURVES 1. Simple Curves. 2. Compound Curves. 3. Reverse Curves. Surveying-II TYPES OF CIRCULAR CURVES 1. Simple Curves. 2. Compound Curves. 3. Reverse Curves.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-6.jpg)
![Surveying-II Simple Curves A simple curve consists of single arc connecting to straights. The Surveying-II Simple Curves A simple curve consists of single arc connecting to straights. The](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-7.jpg)
![Surveying-II Compound Curves A compound curve consists of two arcs of different radii bending Surveying-II Compound Curves A compound curve consists of two arcs of different radii bending](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-8.jpg)
![Surveying-II Reverse Curves A reverse curve is composed of two arcs of equal or Surveying-II Reverse Curves A reverse curve is composed of two arcs of equal or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-9.jpg)
![Surveying-II Geometric Design & Vertical Alignment Surveying-II Geometric Design & Vertical Alignment](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-10.jpg)
![Introduction Geometric Design & Vertical Alignment Surveying-II • It includes the specific design elements Introduction Geometric Design & Vertical Alignment Surveying-II • It includes the specific design elements](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-11.jpg)
![Surveying-II • All these elements and the performance characteristics of vehicles play an important Surveying-II • All these elements and the performance characteristics of vehicles play an important](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-12.jpg)
![Surveying-II Principles of Highway Alignment • The alignment of a highway is a three Surveying-II Principles of Highway Alignment • The alignment of a highway is a three](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-13.jpg)
![Surveying-II Highway Alignment Two Dimensional View X Z 1. Plan View Horizontal Alignment Y Surveying-II Highway Alignment Two Dimensional View X Z 1. Plan View Horizontal Alignment Y](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-14.jpg)
![Vertical Alignment Surveying-II • The objective of vertical alignment is • to determine the Vertical Alignment Surveying-II • The objective of vertical alignment is • to determine the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-15.jpg)
![Surveying-II • This transition is achieved by the means of a vertical curve. These Surveying-II • This transition is achieved by the means of a vertical curve. These](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-16.jpg)
![Surveying-II Surveying-II](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-17.jpg)
![Surveying-II Where • • G 1 G 2 A L • PVC • PVI Surveying-II Where • • G 1 G 2 A L • PVC • PVI](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-18.jpg)
![Surveying-II • Vertical curves are almost arranged such that half of the curve length Surveying-II • Vertical curves are almost arranged such that half of the curve length](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-19.jpg)
![Surveying-II • It provides a constant rate of change of slope and implies equal Surveying-II • It provides a constant rate of change of slope and implies equal](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-20.jpg)
![Surveying-II - + + Level SAG VERTICAL CURVES + Surveying-II - + + Level SAG VERTICAL CURVES +](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-21.jpg)
![Surveying-II Vertical Curve • For a vertical curve, the general form of the parabolic Surveying-II Vertical Curve • For a vertical curve, the general form of the parabolic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-22.jpg)
![Slope of Curve Surveying-II • To define ‘a’ and ‘b’, first derivative of equation Slope of Curve Surveying-II • To define ‘a’ and ‘b’, first derivative of equation](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-23.jpg)
![Surveying-II or 3 Where G 1 is the initial slope. Surveying-II or 3 Where G 1 is the initial slope.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-24.jpg)
![Surveying-II • Taking second derivative of equation 1, i. e. rate of change of Surveying-II • Taking second derivative of equation 1, i. e. rate of change of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-25.jpg)
![Surveying-II • Equating equations 4 and 5 6 • or 7 Surveying-II • Equating equations 4 and 5 6 • or 7](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-26.jpg)
![Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves • For vertical curve design and construction, offsets which Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves • For vertical curve design and construction, offsets which](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-27.jpg)
![Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-28.jpg)
![Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-29.jpg)
![PVI PVC PVT Surveying-II PVI PVI PVC PVT Surveying-II PVI](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-30.jpg)
![Surveying-II • A vertical curve also simplifies the computation of the high and low Surveying-II • A vertical curve also simplifies the computation of the high and low](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-31.jpg)
![Surveying-II • Ym is the mid curve offset & Yt is the offset at Surveying-II • Ym is the mid curve offset & Yt is the offset at](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-32.jpg)
![Surveying-II Putting the value of x=L in eq. 8 Surveying-II Putting the value of x=L in eq. 8](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-33.jpg)
![Surveying-II • First derivative can be used to determine the location of the low Surveying-II • First derivative can be used to determine the location of the low](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-34.jpg)
![Surveying-II • This value ‘k’ can be used directly to compute the high / Surveying-II • This value ‘k’ can be used directly to compute the high /](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-35.jpg)
![Stopping Sight Distance Surveying-II • It is the sum of; • Vehicle stopping distance Stopping Sight Distance Surveying-II • It is the sum of; • Vehicle stopping distance](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-36.jpg)
![Vehicle Stopping Distance Surveying-II • Vehicle stopping distance is calculated by the following formula Vehicle Stopping Distance Surveying-II • Vehicle stopping distance is calculated by the following formula](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-37.jpg)
![Distance Traveled During Perception/ Reaction Time Surveying-II • It is calculated by the following Distance Traveled During Perception/ Reaction Time Surveying-II • It is calculated by the following](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-38.jpg)
![Surveying-II • Hence formula for the Stopping sight distance will be; Surveying-II • Hence formula for the Stopping sight distance will be;](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-39.jpg)
![SSD and Crest Vertical Curve Surveying-II • In providing the sufficient SSD on a SSD and Crest Vertical Curve Surveying-II • In providing the sufficient SSD on a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-40.jpg)
![Surveying-II • In developing such an expression, crest and sag vertical curves are considered Surveying-II • In developing such an expression, crest and sag vertical curves are considered](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-41.jpg)
![SSD and Crest Vertical Curve Surveying-II S PVI H 1 PVT PVC L S SSD and Crest Vertical Curve Surveying-II S PVI H 1 PVT PVC L S](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-42.jpg)
![Surveying-II L = length of the curve (ft) H 2= height of roadway object Surveying-II L = length of the curve (ft) H 2= height of roadway object](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-43.jpg)
![Minimum Length of the Curve Surveying-II • For a required sight distance S is Minimum Length of the Curve Surveying-II • For a required sight distance S is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-44.jpg)
![Surveying-II • For the sight distance required to provide adequate SSD, standard define driver Surveying-II • For the sight distance required to provide adequate SSD, standard define driver](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-45.jpg)
![Surveying-II • Working with the above equations can be cumbersome. • To simplify matters Surveying-II • Working with the above equations can be cumbersome. • To simplify matters](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-46.jpg)
![Surveying-II Surveying-II](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-47.jpg)
![Surveying-II SSD and Sag Vertical Curve • Sag vertical curve design differs from crest Surveying-II SSD and Sag Vertical Curve • Sag vertical curve design differs from crest](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-48.jpg)
![Surveying-II • The sag vertical curve sight distance problem is illustrated in the following Surveying-II • The sag vertical curve sight distance problem is illustrated in the following](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-49.jpg)
![Surveying-II • By using the properties of parabola for an equal tangent curve, it Surveying-II • By using the properties of parabola for an equal tangent curve, it](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-50.jpg)
![Surveying-II • For the sight distance required to provide adequate SSD, use a head Surveying-II • For the sight distance required to provide adequate SSD, use a head](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-51.jpg)
![Surveying-II • As was the case for crest vertical curves, K-values can also be Surveying-II • As was the case for crest vertical curves, K-values can also be](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-52.jpg)
![Surveying-II Surveying-II](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-53.jpg)
![Surveying-II Thanks Surveying-II Thanks](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-54.jpg)
- Slides: 54
![SurveyingII SURVEYINGII Surveying-II SURVEYING-II](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-1.jpg)
Surveying-II SURVEYING-II
![SurveyingII CURVES Surveying-II CURVES](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-2.jpg)
Surveying-II CURVES
![SurveyingII CURVES Curves are provided between intersecting straights to negotiate a change in a Surveying-II CURVES Curves are provided between intersecting straights to negotiate a change in a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-3.jpg)
Surveying-II CURVES Curves are provided between intersecting straights to negotiate a change in a direction
![SurveyingII FUNCTION OF CURVES To avoid sudden change in the line of communication e Surveying-II FUNCTION OF CURVES To avoid sudden change in the line of communication e.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-4.jpg)
Surveying-II FUNCTION OF CURVES To avoid sudden change in the line of communication e. g. , in rods, railways, canals etc it becomes necessary to provide curves. As shown in the figure, it is desired to from direction AB to direction BC, it will be quite difficult for a vehicle to go up to point B and then take a turn in the direction of BC. The vehicle will have to slow down. This becomes even more difficult in case of long trains. But if these two points are joined by a curve, the change can be comfortably adopted by the vehicle. This is a curve provides a gradual change and makes the change safe, comfortable & easy.
![SurveyingII FUNCTION OF CURVES Lines connected by the curves are tangential to it and Surveying-II FUNCTION OF CURVES Lines connected by the curves are tangential to it and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-5.jpg)
Surveying-II FUNCTION OF CURVES Lines connected by the curves are tangential to it and are called tangent or straights. The curves are generally arcs, but parabolic arcs are often used in some countries for this purpose.
![SurveyingII TYPES OF CIRCULAR CURVES 1 Simple Curves 2 Compound Curves 3 Reverse Curves Surveying-II TYPES OF CIRCULAR CURVES 1. Simple Curves. 2. Compound Curves. 3. Reverse Curves.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-6.jpg)
Surveying-II TYPES OF CIRCULAR CURVES 1. Simple Curves. 2. Compound Curves. 3. Reverse Curves.
![SurveyingII Simple Curves A simple curve consists of single arc connecting to straights The Surveying-II Simple Curves A simple curve consists of single arc connecting to straights. The](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-7.jpg)
Surveying-II Simple Curves A simple curve consists of single arc connecting to straights. The radius of the curve throughout the curve remains the same.
![SurveyingII Compound Curves A compound curve consists of two arcs of different radii bending Surveying-II Compound Curves A compound curve consists of two arcs of different radii bending](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-8.jpg)
Surveying-II Compound Curves A compound curve consists of two arcs of different radii bending in same direction. Their centers being on same side of the common tangent
![SurveyingII Reverse Curves A reverse curve is composed of two arcs of equal or Surveying-II Reverse Curves A reverse curve is composed of two arcs of equal or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-9.jpg)
Surveying-II Reverse Curves A reverse curve is composed of two arcs of equal or different radii bending in opposite direction with a common tangent at their junction. This centers being on opposite side of the common tangent
![SurveyingII Geometric Design Vertical Alignment Surveying-II Geometric Design & Vertical Alignment](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-10.jpg)
Surveying-II Geometric Design & Vertical Alignment
![Introduction Geometric Design Vertical Alignment SurveyingII It includes the specific design elements Introduction Geometric Design & Vertical Alignment Surveying-II • It includes the specific design elements](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-11.jpg)
Introduction Geometric Design & Vertical Alignment Surveying-II • It includes the specific design elements of a highway, such as • • • the number of lanes, lane width, median type and width, length of freeway acceleration and deceleration lanes, need for truck climbing lanes for highways on steep grades, • and radii required for vehicle turning.
![SurveyingII All these elements and the performance characteristics of vehicles play an important Surveying-II • All these elements and the performance characteristics of vehicles play an important](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-12.jpg)
Surveying-II • All these elements and the performance characteristics of vehicles play an important role. • Physical dimensions of vehicles affect a number of design elements such as the • radii required for turning • Height of highway overpass • Lane width
![SurveyingII Principles of Highway Alignment The alignment of a highway is a three Surveying-II Principles of Highway Alignment • The alignment of a highway is a three](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-13.jpg)
Surveying-II Principles of Highway Alignment • The alignment of a highway is a three dimensional problem with measurement in x, y and z direction. • It is a bit complicated, therefore the alignment problem is typically reduced to two dimensional alignment as shown in figure on next slide.
![SurveyingII Highway Alignment Two Dimensional View X Z 1 Plan View Horizontal Alignment Y Surveying-II Highway Alignment Two Dimensional View X Z 1. Plan View Horizontal Alignment Y](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-14.jpg)
Surveying-II Highway Alignment Two Dimensional View X Z 1. Plan View Horizontal Alignment Y 2. Profile View Vertical Alignment
![Vertical Alignment SurveyingII The objective of vertical alignment is to determine the Vertical Alignment Surveying-II • The objective of vertical alignment is • to determine the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-15.jpg)
Vertical Alignment Surveying-II • The objective of vertical alignment is • to determine the elevation of highway points to ensure proper roadway drainage and • an acceptable level of safety. • The primary objective of vertical alignment lies in the transition of roadway elevation between two grades.
![SurveyingII This transition is achieved by the means of a vertical curve These Surveying-II • This transition is achieved by the means of a vertical curve. These](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-16.jpg)
Surveying-II • This transition is achieved by the means of a vertical curve. These curves can be classified into; • Crest Vertical Curves • Sag Vertical Curves
![SurveyingII Surveying-II](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-17.jpg)
Surveying-II
![SurveyingII Where G 1 G 2 A L PVC PVI Surveying-II Where • • G 1 G 2 A L • PVC • PVI](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-18.jpg)
Surveying-II Where • • G 1 G 2 A L • PVC • PVI • PVT Initial roadway grade ( initial tangent grade) Final roadway grade Absolute value of the difference in grades Length of vertical curve measured in a horizontal plane Initial point of the vertical curve Point of vertical intersection ( intersection of initial and final grades) Final point of the vertical curve
![SurveyingII Vertical curves are almost arranged such that half of the curve length Surveying-II • Vertical curves are almost arranged such that half of the curve length](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-19.jpg)
Surveying-II • Vertical curves are almost arranged such that half of the curve length is positioned before the PVI and half after and are referred as equal tangent vertical curves. • A circular curve is used to connect the horizontal straight stretches of road, a parabolic curve is usually used to connect gradients in the profile alignment.
![SurveyingII It provides a constant rate of change of slope and implies equal Surveying-II • It provides a constant rate of change of slope and implies equal](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-20.jpg)
Surveying-II • It provides a constant rate of change of slope and implies equal curve lengths. + + - + Level - + CREST VERTICAL CURVES -
![SurveyingII Level SAG VERTICAL CURVES Surveying-II - + + Level SAG VERTICAL CURVES +](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-21.jpg)
Surveying-II - + + Level SAG VERTICAL CURVES +
![SurveyingII Vertical Curve For a vertical curve the general form of the parabolic Surveying-II Vertical Curve • For a vertical curve, the general form of the parabolic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-22.jpg)
Surveying-II Vertical Curve • For a vertical curve, the general form of the parabolic equation is; 1 Y = ax 2 + bx + c where, ‘y’ is the roadway elevation of the curve at a point ‘x’ along the curve from the beginning of the vertical curve (PVC). ‘C’ is the elevation of the PVC since x=0 corresponds the PVC
![Slope of Curve SurveyingII To define a and b first derivative of equation Slope of Curve Surveying-II • To define ‘a’ and ‘b’, first derivative of equation](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-23.jpg)
Slope of Curve Surveying-II • To define ‘a’ and ‘b’, first derivative of equation 1 gives the slope. 2 • At PVC, x=0;
![SurveyingII or 3 Where G 1 is the initial slope Surveying-II or 3 Where G 1 is the initial slope.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-24.jpg)
Surveying-II or 3 Where G 1 is the initial slope.
![SurveyingII Taking second derivative of equation 1 i e rate of change of Surveying-II • Taking second derivative of equation 1, i. e. rate of change of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-25.jpg)
Surveying-II • Taking second derivative of equation 1, i. e. rate of change of slope; 4 • The rate of change of slope can also be written as; 5
![SurveyingII Equating equations 4 and 5 6 or 7 Surveying-II • Equating equations 4 and 5 6 • or 7](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-26.jpg)
Surveying-II • Equating equations 4 and 5 6 • or 7
![SurveyingII Fundamentals of Vertical Curves For vertical curve design and construction offsets which Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves • For vertical curve design and construction, offsets which](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-27.jpg)
Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves • For vertical curve design and construction, offsets which are vertical distances from initial tangent to the curve are important for vertical curve design.
![SurveyingII Fundamentals of Vertical Curves Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-28.jpg)
Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves
![SurveyingII Fundamentals of Vertical Curves Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-29.jpg)
Surveying-II Fundamentals of Vertical Curves
![PVI PVC PVT SurveyingII PVI PVI PVC PVT Surveying-II PVI](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-30.jpg)
PVI PVC PVT Surveying-II PVI
![SurveyingII A vertical curve also simplifies the computation of the high and low Surveying-II • A vertical curve also simplifies the computation of the high and low](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-31.jpg)
Surveying-II • A vertical curve also simplifies the computation of the high and low points or crest and sag vertical curves respectively, since high or low point does not occur at the curve ends PVC or PVT. • Let ‘Y’ is the offset at any distance ‘x’ from PVC.
![SurveyingII Ym is the mid curve offset Yt is the offset at Surveying-II • Ym is the mid curve offset & Yt is the offset at](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-32.jpg)
Surveying-II • Ym is the mid curve offset & Yt is the offset at the end of the vertical curve. • From an equal tangent parabola, it can be written as; 8 where ‘y’ is the offset in feet and ‘A’ is the absolute value of the difference in grades(G 2 -G 1, in %), ‘L’ is length of vertical curve in feet and ‘x’ is distance from the PVC in feet.
![SurveyingII Putting the value of xL in eq 8 Surveying-II Putting the value of x=L in eq. 8](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-33.jpg)
Surveying-II Putting the value of x=L in eq. 8
![SurveyingII First derivative can be used to determine the location of the low Surveying-II • First derivative can be used to determine the location of the low](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-34.jpg)
Surveying-II • First derivative can be used to determine the location of the low point, the alternative to this is to use a k-value which is defined as where ‘L’ is in feet and ‘A’ is in %.
![SurveyingII This value k can be used directly to compute the high Surveying-II • This value ‘k’ can be used directly to compute the high /](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-35.jpg)
Surveying-II • This value ‘k’ can be used directly to compute the high / low points for crest/ sag vertical curves by x=k. G 1 where ‘x’ is the distance from the PVC to the high/ low point. ‘k’ can also be defined as the horizontal distance in feet required to affect a 1% change in the slope.
![Stopping Sight Distance SurveyingII It is the sum of Vehicle stopping distance Stopping Sight Distance Surveying-II • It is the sum of; • Vehicle stopping distance](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-36.jpg)
Stopping Sight Distance Surveying-II • It is the sum of; • Vehicle stopping distance & • Distance traveled during perception / reaction time
![Vehicle Stopping Distance SurveyingII Vehicle stopping distance is calculated by the following formula Vehicle Stopping Distance Surveying-II • Vehicle stopping distance is calculated by the following formula](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-37.jpg)
Vehicle Stopping Distance Surveying-II • Vehicle stopping distance is calculated by the following formula where V 1 f G initial speed of vehicle friction percent grade
![Distance Traveled During Perception Reaction Time SurveyingII It is calculated by the following Distance Traveled During Perception/ Reaction Time Surveying-II • It is calculated by the following](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-38.jpg)
Distance Traveled During Perception/ Reaction Time Surveying-II • It is calculated by the following formula dr = V 1* tr where V 1 tr Initial Velocity of vehicle time required to perceive and react to the need to stop
![SurveyingII Hence formula for the Stopping sight distance will be Surveying-II • Hence formula for the Stopping sight distance will be;](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-39.jpg)
Surveying-II • Hence formula for the Stopping sight distance will be;
![SSD and Crest Vertical Curve SurveyingII In providing the sufficient SSD on a SSD and Crest Vertical Curve Surveying-II • In providing the sufficient SSD on a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-40.jpg)
SSD and Crest Vertical Curve Surveying-II • In providing the sufficient SSD on a vertical curve, the length of curve ‘L’ is the critical concern. • Longer lengths of curve provide more SSD, all else being equal, but are most costly to construct. • Shorter curve lengths are relatively inexpensive to construct but may not provide adequate SSD.
![SurveyingII In developing such an expression crest and sag vertical curves are considered Surveying-II • In developing such an expression, crest and sag vertical curves are considered](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-41.jpg)
Surveying-II • In developing such an expression, crest and sag vertical curves are considered separately. • For the crest vertical curve case, consider the diagram.
![SSD and Crest Vertical Curve SurveyingII S PVI H 1 PVT PVC L S SSD and Crest Vertical Curve Surveying-II S PVI H 1 PVT PVC L S](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-42.jpg)
SSD and Crest Vertical Curve Surveying-II S PVI H 1 PVT PVC L S = Sight distance (ft) H 1= height of driver’s eye above road-way surface (ft) H 2
![SurveyingII L length of the curve ft H 2 height of roadway object Surveying-II L = length of the curve (ft) H 2= height of roadway object](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-43.jpg)
Surveying-II L = length of the curve (ft) H 2= height of roadway object (ft) A = difference in grade Lm= Minimum length required for sight distance.
![Minimum Length of the Curve SurveyingII For a required sight distance S is Minimum Length of the Curve Surveying-II • For a required sight distance S is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-44.jpg)
Minimum Length of the Curve Surveying-II • For a required sight distance S is calculated as follows; • If S>L • S<L
![SurveyingII For the sight distance required to provide adequate SSD standard define driver Surveying-II • For the sight distance required to provide adequate SSD, standard define driver](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-45.jpg)
Surveying-II • For the sight distance required to provide adequate SSD, standard define driver eye height H 1 is 3. 5 ft and object height H 2 is 0. 5 ft. S is assumed is equal to SSD. We get SSD > L SSD < L
![SurveyingII Working with the above equations can be cumbersome To simplify matters Surveying-II • Working with the above equations can be cumbersome. • To simplify matters](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-46.jpg)
Surveying-II • Working with the above equations can be cumbersome. • To simplify matters on crest curves computations, K - values, are used. L = K*A where k is the horizontal distance in feet, required to affect 1 percent change in slope.
![SurveyingII Surveying-II](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-47.jpg)
Surveying-II
![SurveyingII SSD and Sag Vertical Curve Sag vertical curve design differs from crest Surveying-II SSD and Sag Vertical Curve • Sag vertical curve design differs from crest](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-48.jpg)
Surveying-II SSD and Sag Vertical Curve • Sag vertical curve design differs from crest vertical curve design in the sense that sight distance is governed by night time conditions, because in daylight, sight distance on a sag vertical curve is unrestricted. • The critical concern for sag vertical curve is the headlight sight distance which is a function of the height of the head light above the road way, H, and the inclined upward angle of the head light beam, relative to the horizontal plane of the car, β.
![SurveyingII The sag vertical curve sight distance problem is illustrated in the following Surveying-II • The sag vertical curve sight distance problem is illustrated in the following](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-49.jpg)
Surveying-II • The sag vertical curve sight distance problem is illustrated in the following figure. S β H PVC PVI L PVT
![SurveyingII By using the properties of parabola for an equal tangent curve it Surveying-II • By using the properties of parabola for an equal tangent curve, it](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-50.jpg)
Surveying-II • By using the properties of parabola for an equal tangent curve, it can be shown that minimum length of the curve, Lm for a required sight distance is ; • For S>L • For S<L
![SurveyingII For the sight distance required to provide adequate SSD use a head Surveying-II • For the sight distance required to provide adequate SSD, use a head](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-51.jpg)
Surveying-II • For the sight distance required to provide adequate SSD, use a head light height of 2. 0 ft and an upward angle of 1 degree. • Substituting these design standards and S = SSD in the above equations; • For SSD>L • For SSD<L
![SurveyingII As was the case for crest vertical curves Kvalues can also be Surveying-II • As was the case for crest vertical curves, K-values can also be](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-52.jpg)
Surveying-II • As was the case for crest vertical curves, K-values can also be computed for sag vertical curves. • Caution should be exercised in using the k-values in this table since the assumption of G=0 percent is used for SSD computations.
![SurveyingII Surveying-II](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-53.jpg)
Surveying-II
![SurveyingII Thanks Surveying-II Thanks](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52018604f3d941bc61e36efda3913106/image-54.jpg)
Surveying-II Thanks
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