SSUSH 7 Andrew Jackson American expansion reform movements

SSUSH 7 Andrew Jackson, American expansion, reform movements, and the Industrial Revolution

Andrew Jackson as President

Element • e. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism. • EQ: What is Jacksonian Democracy?

EQ What is Jacksonian Democracy? • Include…. • expanding suffrage, • The rise of political culture, • Nationalism, • Indian relations, Manifest Destiny, spoils system, National Bank • Nullification Crisis

Expanding suffrage • Suffrage= the right to vote • Jackson was able to rise to power because he was considered the “common man’s” president. • Most states did away with the requirement to own land in order to vote.

Voting Requirements in the Early 19 c

Results of the 1824 Election A “Corr upt Bargai n? ”

Jackson increases voter turnout • Jackson also got more people to turn out to vote by using campaign rallies, barbeques, parades, pins, and the spoils system

Spoils system • Rewarding your followers with government jobs

Jackson increases the strength of the executive branch • Jackson used his veto power more than any other president before him. (creates a more powerful executive. )

Nationalism • nationalism= What is best for the country as a whole. • Sectionalism= what is best for one area of the country. (Calhoun)

Economy of the North and South during Jackson’s time North South • Economy based on manufacturing. • Support for tariffs American goods could be sold at lower prices than could British goods. • Opposed sale of public land at cheap prices. Economy based on farming. • Opposition to tariffs, which increased the cost of imported goods. • Enslaved African Americans worked the plantations.

Nullification Crisis • Tariff= a tax on imported goods • Started with the Tariff of Abominations 1828. • The tariff was aimed at supporting American manufacturers • Good for the northern manufacturers • Bad for agricultural southerners

Nullification crisis • South Carolina says they will not pay the tariff and threatens to leave the Union if forced to do so.

Nullification crisis • John C. Calhoun= VP leaves his office to support SC during the crisis • Agrees that SC should be allowed to nullify (consider void/ignore) a law they disagree with. • Believes it is the state’s right to ignore laws that hurt their people.

Nullification crisis • Henry Clay develops a compromise that is agreeable to both Jackson and SC.

1832 Tariff Conflict 3 1828 --> “Tariff of Abomination” 3 1832 --> new tariff 3 South Carolina’s reaction? 3 Jackson’s response? 3 Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff?

Manifest Destiny • Belief that God wanted the US to expand from coast to coast. • God gave the continent to the Americans and wanted them to settle the Western Land. • 1 st used by Jacksonian Democrats to promote the annexation of the Western U. S. • .

Trail of Tears (18381839)

Jackson’s relations with the Native Americans • Indian Removal Act= Called for the planned removal of the Indians that were living east of the Mississippi to be moved west of the river. • Established the Indian territory. (Oklahoma/Great Plains)

Jackson’s relations with the Native Americans • This forced relocation of Native Americans onto reservations became known as the Trail of Tears

Jackson and the BUS • National bank. • Jackson saw it as a tool for the wealthy and he deeply distrusted wealthy people. • He was able to take down the bank but caused a depression in the process.

The Industrial revolution • What was the industrial Revolution?

Industrial Revolution • Period when more people started moving to the cities to work in factories, instead of living on rural farms. • Characterized by advances in science and technology and far-reaching economic changes.

Industrial Revolution • Leading up to this period the U. S. economy was dependant on agriculture. • North= small farms grew corn, wheat, and other crops that are sold at markets. • South= plantations grew rice and tobacco until the prices dropped and they started growing cotton.

Eli Whitney • Developed the cotton gin • production went from cleaning 1 pound of cotton a day to cleaning 50 pounds of cotton • Cotton exports went from 7% of exports to 52% • Increased the need for more slaves on plantations.

Eli Whitney • Developed interchangeable parts. • First used in making muskets

Major industrial developments • Textile Mills • Steam engine • Powered by running • Steam and coal were water in New England. used to power boats and trains during this • Made in a lot easier to time produce cloth for sale. • It increased the demand • This allowed products to be shipped farther for cotton in New and faster. England Europe.

Reform movements • How would you describe the reform movements of the early 1800’s?

Abolition During the colonial era, the abolitionist movement had been dominated by the Quakers. As an effect of the American Revolution many northern states began to gradually emancipate slaves. Further expansion of slavery was limited by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which prohibited the extension of slavery into the Northwest Territories. Slavery was further hampered in 1808 when the ban on the importation of African slaves was enacted. During this time, the abolitionist movement confined itself to promoting the resettlement of African-Americans to the new colony of Liberia. The Second Great Awakening marked a resurgence of the abolitionist movement. By 1833 the abolitionist movement began to organize itself into a mass movement. Among the most notable abolitionists were the following:

The campaign included both men and women; Northerners and some Southerners. For the first time, African-Americans began to play a significant role in the movement. Instead of a gradualist approach, the new abolitionists advocated for immediate emancipation without compensation for slave owners. The “Garrisonians”, taking their name from their leader, William Lloyd Garrison, promoted direct action to end slavery. Abolition became a divisive issue as the southern states reacted against the growing hostility in the North toward slavery.

Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison • He was the leading voice for temperance, women’s equality and immediate emancipation. • He was the founder and editor of The Liberator. • Garrison’s newspaper was the leading abolitionist newspaper

Abolitionist Frederick Douglass • former slave. • worked for Garrison and traveled widely, giving eloquent speeches on behalf of equality for African Americans • autobiographies • The North Star. • Douglass was the most influential African. American in the abolitionist movement.

Abolitionist The Grimke sisters • Sarah and Angelina, • Their public careers began when Garrison • southern women who published a letter from lectured publicly Angelina in his throughout the newspaper. northern states about the evils of slavery they • equality for women and had seen growing up on African-Americans. a plantation.

Abolitionist • Harriet Tubman=Underground railroad • Frederick Douglas=freed slave that gave speeches against slavery.

Nat Turner Rebellion • African American preacher Nat Turner believed his mission on Earth was to free his people from slavery. Seeing an 1831 solar eclipse as a message from above, he led a slave rebellion on four Virginia plantations. About 60 whites were killed before Turner and his band were captured, tried, and executed. Fear and anger over the murder of primarily women and children led to many innocent African -Americans becoming victims of mob violence. Virginia, who had been considering banning slavery, instead passed a series of laws to strengthen the institution of slavery. Other southern states quickly passed laws that emulated Virginia’s revised slave codes. •

Describe the growth of the Western population • Oregon Trail The most popular route west. • Gadsden Purchase= bought from Mexico. (Today is part of Arizona and New Mexico)

Reform movements • Many reform movements stemmed from revival or religious fervor. • Prison Reform= prompted Americans to improve the prison system. Wanted to reform and rehabilitate inmates rather than just punish them. • -also wanted inmates to achieve penitence or remorse.

Reform movements • Temperance Movement • Temperance= the moderation of alcohol use. • Many supporters stated that people spent their money on alcohol instead of buying food. • Tried to push laws that prohibited the consumption of alcohol.

Public Education • Public Schools= many reformers pushed for a system of public education. (government funded schools open to all citizens) • Horace Mann=leader in pushing for public education. “it is hard for a country without an educated populace to survive, much less prosper” • Mann doubled teachers salaries, established 50 high schools, and established schools for training teachers. (normal-schools)

Women’s Suffrage • Seneca Falls Conference= the unofficial beginning of the women’s suffrage movement. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton proposed seeking women’s suffrage here. “We hold these truths to be self evident: that all men and women are created equal. ” • They raised money, passed out literature, wrote a list of grievances, and collected signatures for petitions to send to Congress.

Reform movements • Women’s education= Emma Williard founded an all girl’s boarding school. • -Mary Lyon opened the first institution of higher learning for females. • -Elizabeth Blackwell= became the first woman to earn a medical degree in the U. S. or Europe. • Blackwell founded the New York Infirmary for women and children (staffed by all females)

Western expansion

Describe the growth of the Western population • b. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny. • EQ: How did the U. S. go from 13 colonies on the east coast to a country spanning the entire continent?

Treaty of Paris 1783 • At the conclusion of the American Revolution the 13 states gained all the British land east of the Mississippi River. • This includes the North West Territory and some southern territory as well.

U. S. expansion • • • 13 colonies NW territory Treaty of Paris 1783 Adams-Onis=Florida Louisiana Purchase

13 Colonies Old Northwest Old Southwest Louisiana Purchase Florida Texas Annexation Oregon Country Mexican Cession COLOR YOUR MAP: Not shown or colored on this map! Gadsden Purchase Alaska Purchase Hawaiian Annexation

The Northwest Ordinance � � � Passed by Congress in 1787 Est. a set of principles & procedures for statehood, applied first to states carved out of the Northwest Territory. �Northwest Territory – Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana Guaranteed civil liberties, est. guidelines for statehood, encouraged education, & banned slavery from the entire region.

WESTWARD MOVEMENT USI. 8 A-D “Oh, Susannah” (5)

USI. 8 B WHY MOVE WEST? • Population growth in the eastern states • Cheap, fertile land • Economic opportunity (gold rush, logging, farming, freedom (for runaway slaves) • Cheaper, faster transportation (rivers and canals {Erie Canal}, steamboats, etc. ) • Knowledge of overland trails (Oregon & Santa Fe) • Belief in Manifest Destiny (idea that expansion was good and right for the country)

USI. 8 C NEW TECHNOLOGIES • Cotton gin (Eli Whitney) – increased production of cotton & increased the need for slaves to grow & pick it • Reaper (Cyrus Mc. Cormick) – increased production of the farmer • Steamboat (Robert Fulton) – faster transportation from Southern plantations to factories of the North • Steam locomotives – faster land transportation

USI. 8 A WESTWARD EXPANSION • • • Louisiana Purchase Florida Texas Annexation Oregon Country California (Mexican Cession)

USI. 8 A LOUISIANA PURCHASE • Jefferson purchased land from France • Doubled the size of the United States • Lewis & Clark were hired to explore from Mississippi R. to Pacific Ocean • Sacajawea was a guide “Cajun music” (2)

Louisiana Purchase • 1803 • Cost 15 million dollars • Purchased by Jefferson from Napoleon • Doubled the size of the U. S. Slide borrowed from the internet

USI. 8 A FLORIDA • Spain gave Florida to the United States through a treaty “Swanee River” – FL State Song (2)

Florida • 1819 Florida was purchased from Spain • Adams-Onis Treaty Slide borrowed from the Internet!

USI. 8 A TEXAS • Stephen Austin • Sam Houston • Alamo – Davy Crockett – Jim Bowie • Texas Republic • Mexican War – Santa Anna “Yellow Rose of Texas” – TX State Song (2)

The Annexation of Texas • Texas breaks from Mexico and declares it’s independence in 1836. • The U. S. annexed Texas in 1845. • Led to the Mexican/American War. Slide borrowed from the Internet!

USI. 8 A OREGON COUNTRY • Divided with Great Britain – Britain got British Columbia • Contained states of Washington, Oregon, and part of Idaho • Oregon Trail helped people settle there Oregon State Song – “? ” (2)

Oregon Territory • “ 54° 40’ or Fight”. • British withdrawal in 1846. Slide borrowed from the Internet!

Oregon Territory • Both Britain and the U. S. had settlers settling in the Oregon territory with legitimate claims. • As part of a peaceful agreement with Britain the U. S. was able to secure the lower half of the Oregon territory while Britain received the upper part.

USI. 8 A CALIFORNIA • John C. Fremont • Part of the Mexican Cession after the Mexican War (1845) • Sutter’s Mill – Gold Rush of 1849 – Forty-niners – Sacramento “All the Gold” (3) “Let Me Be There” (3)

Mexican Cession • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. • 1848 Mexico gave up California, New Mexico Slide borrowed from the Internet!

The Gadsden Purchase • 1853 • Purchased from Mexico because we thought that we would build a transcontinental railroad there. Slide borrowed from the Internet!

Actual Map of Expansion Here is how it looks overall. “River of Dreams” (4)

Expansion of the United States Can you find the misspelled word?

13 Colonies Old Northwest Old Southwest Louisiana Purchase Florida Texas Annexation Oregon Country Mexican Cession COLOR YOUR MAP: Not shown or colored on this map! Gadsden Purchase Alaska Purchase Hawaiian Annexation

MANIFEST DESTINY

USI. 8 D ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT • Most abolitionists demanded freedom for slaves • Abolitionists believed that slavery was wrong – Morally wrong – Cruel and inhumane “Go Down, Moses” (1) – A violation of the principles of democracy • Leaders – Harriet Tubman – William Lloyd Garrison – Frederick Douglass Harriet Tubman The Liberator

USI. 8 D SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT • Supporters declared that “All men and women are created equal. ” • Supporters believed that women were deprived of basic rights. – – Denied the right to vote Denied educational opportunities Denied equal opportunities in business Limited in rights to own property • Leaders – Sojourner Truth – Susan B. Anthony – Elizabeth Cady Stanton Sojourner Truth “I am Woman” (1)

Louisiana Purchase � b. Describe Jefferson’s diplomacy in obtaining the Louisiana Purchase from France and the territory’s exploration by Lewis and Clark.

Louisiana Purchase � � Jefferson wanted to gain control of New Orleans so the U. S. could have a port city on the Mississippi River He knew Napoleon needed the Money to finance his war in Europe.

Louisiana Purchase � � Jefferson sent delegates to France to offer Napoleon $10 million for New Orleans Needing the money and tired of trying to run colonies in American Napoleon offered to sell the Louisiana Territory for 3 cents an acre (15 million for all)

Louisiana Purchase � This purchase doubled the size of the U. S. and gave the U. S. control of the Mississippi River

The Lewis & Clark Expedition � � � Led by Meriwether Lewis & William Clark They were hired to explore the Louisiana Territory Explored the Louisiana Purchase. Created maps of trails, rivers, and mountain ranges. And described plants, animals, and people.

Erie canal

Rise of NY

National Infrastrucuture

Important events leading to war � � � Missouri Compromise=. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36° 30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. Fugitive Slave Act= stated escaped slaves had to be returned to their owners. (Angered many Northerners) Kansas-Nebraska Act= Made Kansas and Nebraska a state, and allowed the people of new states to vote on being free or slave.

Compromise of 1850 � California was admitted as a free state; � the Territory of New Mexico did not prohibit slavery � the slave trade (but not slavery itself) was terminated in the District of Columbia; � Fugitive Slave Law was passed

Bleeding Kansas � � � Many people who were anti- and pro- slavery moved to Kansas so they could vote on Kansas being free or slave. Over 200 people died in the fights that broke out. Popular sovereignty failed in Kansas